FireApproved

United States / Grow / ponderosa pine

ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
Photo: (c) John G. Phillips, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

ponderosa pine

Pinus ponderosa · Pinaceae · all Pinus records · Wikipedia

View Saved

Is this one for your yard?

Enter your ZIP to see whether this is legal to plant in your state, and whether it survives your winter.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Form
tree
Mature height
~50 ft
Light
Full sun
Water need
moderate
Rated in
Colorado, California, and northeastern United States; Global; Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada and California; New Zealand +4
On this lot

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence
Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions
1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Placement evidence
6 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions
Colorado, California, and northeastern United States; Global; Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada and California; New Zealand; North Carolina / southeastern US; Oregon; eastern US; southern Idaho / Intermountain
Typed publication scope: 2 scopes across 2 cited fire sources
  • Fire Resistance of Plants Master Database · Official scoped edition
    • Southern Idaho (ID footprint); partial normalized coverage · 2013-11-08

      The official database labels itself "For Southern Idaho" and describes Idaho residents at the urban-rangeland interface. FireApproved publishes 419 existing plant owners that cite its scored rows. This bounded Southern Idaho scope is regional context, not statewide coverage or a conclusion that the score transfers unchanged to every Idaho site.

  • Home Landscaping Guide for Lake Tahoe and Vicinity (Ed. Bulletin 06-01) · Official scoped edition
    • Lake Tahoe Basin (CA, NV footprint); partial normalized coverage · 2006-01-01

      Nevada Division of Forestry and University of Nevada Cooperative Extension publish Bulletin 06-01 for the Lake Tahoe Basin and vicinity. FireApproved publishes 83 exact rated owners as basin context across Nevada and California. Rough estimates are not statewide or site ratings.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution
Documented in AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, ID, MD, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, WA, WV, WY.
Native range
Current cited native range in CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA.
USDA hardiness
Documented minimum 3a; no upper limit is documented.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Native and introduced range evidence

These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval. Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.

Current native

6

exact source areas

Current introduced

0

exact source areas

Qualified

0

doubtful or extinct source rows

6 native source areas · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04
  • California (CA)
  • Idaho (ID)
  • Montana (MT)
  • Nevada (NV)
  • Oregon (OR)
  • Washington (WA)

The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.

Plant hardiness evidence

These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Recommends (3)

Corroboration (2 rows from 2 sources)

Avoids (4)

Corroboration (1 rows from 1 source)

  • Home Landscaping Guide for Lake Tahoe and Vicinity (Ed. Bulletin 06-01) — Nevada Division of Forestry / University of Nevada Cooperative Extension · Bulletin 06-01 (2006) · original source Corroboration Compilation lineage: unr-tree

    “high — Pine, ponderosa — Pinus ponderosa”

    Table 1's Fire Hazard column prints “high” for this taxon. The guide calls the rating a rough estimate of potential flammability, not a result of scientific trials. Its footnote says plants that turn brown often become high fire hazards and tells readers to mow grasses and forbs when they begin to turn brown.

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Listed without a rating (285)
Corroboration (285 rows from 1 source)

  • FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

    285 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.

    • Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 17.4”

          FLAMITS record 681.

        • “flammability value: 3”

          FLAMITS record 717.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 70”

          FLAMITS record 735.

      • “burning duration (s): 12.2”

        FLAMITS record 699; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 29.3”

          FLAMITS record 825.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 50”

          FLAMITS record 918.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 276”

          FLAMITS record 856.

        • “heat released per mass (°C s/g): 3526”

          FLAMITS record 949.

      • “flaming duration (s): 53”

        FLAMITS record 887; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.

      Shared row context: plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND.

      • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

        FLAMITS record 1461; Ignitability measurement.

      • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 758.3”

        FLAMITS record 1655; Combustibility measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 188”

        FLAMITS record 1849; Sustainability measurement.

      • “estimated burnt biomass (%): 63.1”

        FLAMITS record 2043; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer.

      • “time to flaming (s): 7.1”

        FLAMITS record 2633; Ignitability measurement.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “burning duration (s): 765.8”

          FLAMITS record 2641.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.2”

          FLAMITS record 2649.

      • “flame height (cm): 97.4”

        FLAMITS record 2657; Combustibility measurement.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 96.8”

        FLAMITS record 2665; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-3; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “flaming duration (s): 79.7”

          FLAMITS record 3358.

        • “burning duration (s): 207.6”

          FLAMITS record 3359.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 92”

        FLAMITS record 3360; Consumability measurement.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.07”

        FLAMITS record 3361; Combustibility measurement.

    • Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.

      Shared row context: plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-2; sampling august to october.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “flame height (cm): 57.5”

          FLAMITS record 3398.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.02”

          FLAMITS record 3403.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “flaming duration (s): 250”

          FLAMITS record 3399.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 864”

          FLAMITS record 3400.

        • “burning duration (s): 1114”

          FLAMITS record 3401.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 78.9”

        FLAMITS record 3402; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5252.22”

        FLAMITS record 5679; plant part bark.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5569.88”

        FLAMITS record 5680; plant part twigs.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5292.82”

        FLAMITS record 5681; plant part leaves.

    • Primary study Mutch1970: Mutch, R. W. (1970). Wildland Fires and Ecosystems--A Hypothesis. Ecology, 51, 1046-1051.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; site Mutch1970-2; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5081”

        FLAMITS record 9728; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; device burning bench.

        • “flame height (cm): 80”

          FLAMITS record 9730.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.7”

          FLAMITS record 9733.

        • “flame height (cm): 140”

          FLAMITS record 9735.

        • “energy flux (kW/m²): 217.74”

          FLAMITS record 9737.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 88.4”

        FLAMITS record 9732; Consumability measurement; device burning bench.

      • “burning duration (s): 16.7”

        FLAMITS record 9734; Sustainability measurement; device burning bench.

    • Primary study Shafizadeh1977: Shafizadeh, F., Chin, P. P., & DeGroot, W. F. (1977). Effective heat content of green forest fuels. Forest Science, 23, 81-89.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device thermal analyzer; site Shafizadeh1977-1; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 8779”

        FLAMITS record 12425.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 310.88”

        FLAMITS record 12426.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 431.61”

        FLAMITS record 12427.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 743.24”

        FLAMITS record 12428.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 667.32”

        FLAMITS record 12429.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 405.65”

        FLAMITS record 12430.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 182.79”

        FLAMITS record 12431.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2921”

        FLAMITS record 12432.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 188.74”

        FLAMITS record 12433.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 353.79”

        FLAMITS record 12434.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 554.6”

        FLAMITS record 12435.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 553.3”

        FLAMITS record 12436.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4260”

        FLAMITS record 12437.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5009”

        FLAMITS record 12438.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 206.63”

        FLAMITS record 12439.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 532.25”

        FLAMITS record 12440.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 400.86”

        FLAMITS record 12441.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 191.83”

        FLAMITS record 12442.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 104.92”

        FLAMITS record 12443.

    • Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part leaves.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 993.6”

          FLAMITS record 13451.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4889.18”

          FLAMITS record 13453.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 953”

          FLAMITS record 13459.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5137.58”

          FLAMITS record 13461.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part litter.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 859.85”

          FLAMITS record 13452.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5018.15”

          FLAMITS record 13454.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1404.41”

          FLAMITS record 13460.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5135.19”

          FLAMITS record 13462.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part wood.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4956.05”

          FLAMITS record 13527.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5139.96”

          FLAMITS record 13528.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5025.32”

          FLAMITS record 13529.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5202.06”

          FLAMITS record 13530.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4958.44”

          FLAMITS record 13535.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4999.04”

          FLAMITS record 13536.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5087.42”

          FLAMITS record 13537.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5108.91”

          FLAMITS record 13538.

    • Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND.

      • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 89”

        FLAMITS record 14139; predrying no.

      • Shared measurement context: predrying yes.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3940.96”

          FLAMITS record 14192.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3893.19”

          FLAMITS record 14284.

    • Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; sampling summer.

      • Shared measurement context: site Williamson2002-1.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5032.48”

          FLAMITS record 14290.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4874.84”

          FLAMITS record 14305.

      • Shared measurement context: site Williamson2002-2.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5087.41”

          FLAMITS record 14293.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4934.55”

          FLAMITS record 14308.

      • Shared measurement context: site Williamson2002-3.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5051.59”

          FLAMITS record 14296.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4846.18”

          FLAMITS record 14311.

      • Shared measurement context: site Williamson2002-4.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5120.85”

          FLAMITS record 14299.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4929.77”

          FLAMITS record 14314.

      • Shared measurement context: site Williamson2002-5.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5187.73”

          FLAMITS record 14302.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5001.43”

          FLAMITS record 14317.

    • Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; sampling ND.

      • “flame height (cm): 69”

        FLAMITS record 15713; Combustibility measurement; site Varner2022-6.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Varner2022-6.

        • “flaming duration (s): 74”

          FLAMITS record 15714.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 476.9”

          FLAMITS record 15715.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 86.3”

        FLAMITS record 15716; Consumability measurement; site Varner2022-6.

      • “flame height (cm): 84.9”

        FLAMITS record 15753; Combustibility measurement; site Varner2022-26.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Varner2022-26.

        • “flaming duration (s): 57.7”

          FLAMITS record 15754.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 495”

          FLAMITS record 15755.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 91.4”

        FLAMITS record 15756; Consumability measurement; site Varner2022-26.

    • Primary study Fazeli2022: Fazeli, H., Jolly, W. M., & Blunck, D. L. (2022). Stages and time-scales of ignition and burning of live fuels for different convective heat fluxes. Fuel, 324, 124490.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Fazeli2022-1; sampling september to february.

      • Shared measurement context: fuel live.

        • “time to flaming (s): 3.2”

          FLAMITS record 16468.

        • “time to flaming (s): 15.6”

          FLAMITS record 16469.

      • Shared measurement context: fuel dead.

        • “time to flaming (s): 0.3”

          FLAMITS record 16470.

        • “time to flaming (s): 3.4”

          FLAMITS record 16471.

    • Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 5.49”

          FLAMITS record 16946.

        • “time to flaming (s): 4.65”

          FLAMITS record 16947.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9.33”

          FLAMITS record 16948.

        • “time to flaming (s): 6.85”

          FLAMITS record 16949.

        • “time to flaming (s): 13.44”

          FLAMITS record 16950.

        • “time to flaming (s): 7.25”

          FLAMITS record 16951.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8.5”

          FLAMITS record 16952.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “burning duration (s): 915.59”

          FLAMITS record 16953.

        • “burning duration (s): 760.03”

          FLAMITS record 16954.

        • “burning duration (s): 915.25”

          FLAMITS record 16955.

        • “burning duration (s): 674.38”

          FLAMITS record 16956.

        • “burning duration (s): 651.12”

          FLAMITS record 16957.

        • “burning duration (s): 198.33”

          FLAMITS record 16958.

        • “burning duration (s): 20.29”

          FLAMITS record 16959.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.201”

          FLAMITS record 16974.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.191”

          FLAMITS record 16975.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.155”

          FLAMITS record 16976.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.103”

          FLAMITS record 16977.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.108”

          FLAMITS record 16978.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.094”

          FLAMITS record 16979.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.018”

          FLAMITS record 16980.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “flame height (cm): 978”

          FLAMITS record 16960.

        • “flame height (cm): 988”

          FLAMITS record 16961.

        • “flame height (cm): 834”

          FLAMITS record 16962.

        • “flame height (cm): 666”

          FLAMITS record 16963.

        • “flame height (cm): 472.5”

          FLAMITS record 16964.

        • “flame height (cm): 297.8”

          FLAMITS record 16965.

        • “flame height (cm): 60”

          FLAMITS record 16966.

      • Shared measurement context: Consumability measurement.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 88.7”

          FLAMITS record 16967.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 82.5”

          FLAMITS record 16968.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 67.75”

          FLAMITS record 16969.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 38.47”

          FLAMITS record 16970.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 42.95”

          FLAMITS record 16971.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 2.61”

          FLAMITS record 16972.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 0.61”

          FLAMITS record 16973.

    • Primary study Stockstad1975: Stockstad, D. S. (1975). Spontaneous and piloted ignition of pine needles. Res. Not. INT, 194. USDA Forest Service.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Stockstad1975-1; sampling ND.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 270”

        FLAMITS record 17678.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 264”

        FLAMITS record 17679.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 263”

        FLAMITS record 17680.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 285”

        FLAMITS record 17681.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 291”

        FLAMITS record 17682.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 289”

        FLAMITS record 17683.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 298”

        FLAMITS record 17684.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 303”

        FLAMITS record 17685.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 296”

        FLAMITS record 17686.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 292”

        FLAMITS record 17687.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 306”

        FLAMITS record 17688.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 324”

        FLAMITS record 17689.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 303”

        FLAMITS record 17690.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 310”

        FLAMITS record 17691.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 313”

        FLAMITS record 17692.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 323”

        FLAMITS record 17693.

      • “time to flaming (s): 7.8”

        FLAMITS record 17694.

      • “time to flaming (s): 3.6”

        FLAMITS record 17695.

      • “time to flaming (s): 15”

        FLAMITS record 17696.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.8”

        FLAMITS record 17697.

      • “time to flaming (s): 13.4”

        FLAMITS record 17698.

      • “time to flaming (s): 13.4”

        FLAMITS record 17699.

      • “time to flaming (s): 12”

        FLAMITS record 17700.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.7”

        FLAMITS record 17701.

      • “time to flaming (s): 18.4”

        FLAMITS record 17702.

      • “time to flaming (s): 21.8”

        FLAMITS record 17703.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.4”

        FLAMITS record 17704.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.4”

        FLAMITS record 17705.

      • “time to flaming (s): 15.4”

        FLAMITS record 17706.

      • “time to flaming (s): 18”

        FLAMITS record 17707.

      • “time to flaming (s): 9.1”

        FLAMITS record 17708.

      • “time to flaming (s): 9.1”

        FLAMITS record 17709.

      • “time to flaming (s): 13.1”

        FLAMITS record 17710.

      • “time to flaming (s): 17.3”

        FLAMITS record 17711.

      • “time to flaming (s): 9.1”

        FLAMITS record 17712.

      • “time to flaming (s): 8.9”

        FLAMITS record 17713.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.1”

        FLAMITS record 17714.

      • “time to flaming (s): 15.3”

        FLAMITS record 17715.

      • “time to flaming (s): 13.4”

        FLAMITS record 17716.

      • “time to flaming (s): 4.8”

        FLAMITS record 17717.

      • “time to flaming (s): 4.6”

        FLAMITS record 17718.

      • “time to flaming (s): 6.6”

        FLAMITS record 17719.

      • “time to flaming (s): 8.5”

        FLAMITS record 17720.

    • Primary study McAllister2016: McAllister, S., & Finney, M. (2016). Burning Rates of Wood Cribs with Implications for Wildland Fires. Fire Technology, 52, 1755–1777.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel dead; predrying no; device burning bench; site McAllister2016-1; sampling ND.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.52”

        FLAMITS record 17721.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.35”

        FLAMITS record 17722.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.15”

        FLAMITS record 17723.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.74”

        FLAMITS record 17724.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.91”

        FLAMITS record 17725.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.7”

        FLAMITS record 17726.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.9”

        FLAMITS record 17727.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.15”

        FLAMITS record 17728.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.15”

        FLAMITS record 17729.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.1”

        FLAMITS record 17730.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.11”

        FLAMITS record 17731.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.9”

        FLAMITS record 17732.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.1”

        FLAMITS record 17733.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.15”

        FLAMITS record 17734.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.74”

        FLAMITS record 17735.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.6”

        FLAMITS record 17736.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.34”

        FLAMITS record 17737.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 4.24”

        FLAMITS record 17738.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.29”

        FLAMITS record 17739.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.7”

        FLAMITS record 17740.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.86”

        FLAMITS record 17741.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.89”

        FLAMITS record 17742.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.76”

        FLAMITS record 17743.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.68”

        FLAMITS record 17744.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.16”

        FLAMITS record 17745.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.37”

        FLAMITS record 17746.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.13”

        FLAMITS record 17747.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.66”

        FLAMITS record 17748.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.57”

        FLAMITS record 17749.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.27”

        FLAMITS record 17750.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 4.2”

        FLAMITS record 17751.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 4.9”

        FLAMITS record 17752.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 5.14”

        FLAMITS record 17753.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 8.36”

        FLAMITS record 17754.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 10.8”

        FLAMITS record 17755.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 12.48”

        FLAMITS record 17756.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 12.34”

        FLAMITS record 17757.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.87”

        FLAMITS record 17758.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 5.07”

        FLAMITS record 17759.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 5.66”

        FLAMITS record 17760.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 7.63”

        FLAMITS record 17761.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 7.33”

        FLAMITS record 17762.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.03”

        FLAMITS record 17763.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.55”

        FLAMITS record 17764.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.84”

        FLAMITS record 17765.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.97”

        FLAMITS record 17766.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.35”

        FLAMITS record 17767.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.51”

        FLAMITS record 17768.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.21”

        FLAMITS record 17769.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.72”

        FLAMITS record 17770.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.96”

        FLAMITS record 17771.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.62”

        FLAMITS record 17772.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.38”

        FLAMITS record 17773.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 5.88”

        FLAMITS record 17774.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 7.45”

        FLAMITS record 17775.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 7.72”

        FLAMITS record 17776.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 4.81”

        FLAMITS record 17777.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 35.53”

        FLAMITS record 17778.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 13”

        FLAMITS record 17779.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.96”

        FLAMITS record 17780.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 5.47”

        FLAMITS record 17781.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 7.39”

        FLAMITS record 17782.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 8.67”

        FLAMITS record 17783.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.45”

        FLAMITS record 17784.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.86”

        FLAMITS record 17785.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.22”

        FLAMITS record 17786.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.32”

        FLAMITS record 17787.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.34”

        FLAMITS record 17788.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.02”

        FLAMITS record 17789.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.28”

        FLAMITS record 17790.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.76”

        FLAMITS record 17791.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.99”

        FLAMITS record 17792.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.34”

        FLAMITS record 17793.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.28”

        FLAMITS record 17794.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.5”

        FLAMITS record 17795.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.3”

        FLAMITS record 17796.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.22”

        FLAMITS record 17797.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.6”

        FLAMITS record 17798.

    • Primary study Catchpole1998: Catchpole, W.R., Catchpole, E.A., Butler, B.W., Rothermel, R.C., Morris, G.A., & Latham, D. J. (1998) Rate of spread of free-burning fires in woody fuels in a wind tunnel. Combustion Science and Technology, 131, 1–37.

      Shared row context: Sustainability measurement; fuel live; predrying no; device outdoor wind tunnel; site Catchpole1998-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part leaves.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 9”

          FLAMITS record 17810.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 6”

          FLAMITS record 17811.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 7”

          FLAMITS record 17812.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 6”

          FLAMITS record 17813.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 3”

          FLAMITS record 17814.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 5”

          FLAMITS record 17815.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part bark.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 3”

          FLAMITS record 17816.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 5”

          FLAMITS record 17817.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 4”

          FLAMITS record 17818.

    • Primary study Beaufait1965: Beaufait, W. R. (1965). Characteristics of backfires and headfires in a pine needle fuel bed. Res. Note INT-RN-39. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Beaufait1965-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.254”

          FLAMITS record 17947.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.259”

          FLAMITS record 17948.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.248”

          FLAMITS record 17949.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.254”

          FLAMITS record 17950.

        • “burning duration (s): 117.6”

          FLAMITS record 17951.

        • “burning duration (s): 123”

          FLAMITS record 17952.

        • “burning duration (s): 144”

          FLAMITS record 17953.

        • “burning duration (s): 121.8”

          FLAMITS record 17954.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “flame height (cm): 29.26”

          FLAMITS record 17955.

        • “flame height (cm): 32”

          FLAMITS record 17956.

        • “flame height (cm): 34.74”

          FLAMITS record 17957.

        • “flame height (cm): 31.08”

          FLAMITS record 17958.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 3.023”

          FLAMITS record 17959.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.94”

          FLAMITS record 17960.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.94”

          FLAMITS record 17961.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.72”

          FLAMITS record 17962.

    • Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter.

      • Shared measurement context: fuel dead.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5319.098126”

          FLAMITS record 17978.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 795.356837”

          FLAMITS record 17984.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3460.877048”

          FLAMITS record 17990.

      • Shared measurement context: fuel live.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5061.144557”

          FLAMITS record 17981.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 838.3490985”

          FLAMITS record 17987.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3202.923479”

          FLAMITS record 17993.

Fire-resistant trees instead

boxelder
Acer negundo honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos smooth sumac
Rhus glabra quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides Lombardy poplar
Populus nigra 'Italica' common hackberry
Celtis occidentalis

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Same genus in the directory · the Pinus group page

Guides that discuss this plant

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · Wikipedia · ITIS

Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-ponderosa/. Last verified 2026-08-23.