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Long leaf pine

Pinus palustris · Pinaceae · all Pinus records

Your local evidence lens

Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 3 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Alabama; Global; NC; North Carolina; North Carolina / southeastern US; Virginia / Mid-Atlantic; eastern US
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

Typed publication scope: 3 scopes across 3 cited fire sources

Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes · Official scoped edition
- AL; partial normalized coverage
  The Alabama Forestry Commission's five-page AFC-FP-04 booklet is an Alabama publication and contains 31 printed suggested or fire-prone plant occurrences. FireApproved publishes 27 exact species or genus owners and holds one infraspecific form plus two named cultivars; this historical source scope does not establish current site suitability for a particular Alabama property.
Fire-Resistant Landscaping in North Carolina (AG-874) · Official scoped edition
- NC; complete normalized coverage · 2025-03-26
  The complete three-table AG-874 plant list is explicitly for North Carolina and contains 202 low-, medium-, or high-flammability rows. FireApproved accounts for all source rows under its strict taxonomy and lineage rules; source scope does not establish local suitability at a particular North Carolina site.
Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300) · Official scoped edition
- VA; partial normalized coverage · 2009-04-15
  Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in AL, AR, DC, DE, FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, NC, NJ, OH, PA, SC, TX, VA, WV.
Native range: Current cited native range in AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX, VA.
Introduced / established: 2 sourced range or established records; set a location to match them. This is not an invasive warning.
USDA hardiness: Documented minimum 6b; no upper limit is documented.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: No ecological invasive report is normalized; that does not prove noninvasiveness.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Long leaf pine (Pinus palustris) — Photo: no rights reserved (CC0), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
USDA hardiness: Minimum 6b; upper limit not documented
Mature height: ~50 ft
Light: Full sun
Water need: moderate
Current cited native range: AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX, VA
Grows in: AL, AR, DC, DE, FL, GA, LA, MD +9
Rated in: Alabama; Global; NC; North Carolina +3
Family: Pinaceae
Evidence: 164 cited sources

Native and introduced range evidence

These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval. Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.

Current native

9

exact source areas

Current introduced

2

exact source areas

Qualified

0

doubtful or extinct source rows

9 native source areas · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04

Alabama (AL)
Florida (FL)
Georgia (GA)
Louisiana (LA)
Mississippi (MS)
North Carolina (NC)
South Carolina (SC)
Texas (TX)
Virginia (VA)

2 introduced source areas · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04

Arkansas (AR)
Maryland (MD)

The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.

Plant hardiness evidence

These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector · record pinus-palustris · 2016-wayback · as of 2026-08-26

Source prints 8 · single-value meaning unresolved · whole zone precision · source stated

Source taxon: Pinus palustris · exact match.

Source location: Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record.

Not used for comparison: The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.
USDA PLANTS Database — Plant Characteristics · record PIPA2 · PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23 · as of 2026-08-26

Minimum 6b · no upper limit documented · half zone precision · derived containing band

Exact source measurement: -3°F; mapped only to its containing half-zone.

Source taxon: Pinus palustris · source identifier match.

Source location: PlantCharacteristics record 15522, Temperature, Minimum (°F).

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

dead material: FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database evidence row (condition method), FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database evidence row (condition method), FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database evidence row (condition method), FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database evidence row (condition method), FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database evidence row (condition method)

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector: Landscape Zone 4 — beyond 30 ft; outside the selector's recommendation area [Fire Performance Plant Selector landscape zone] (with its avoid rating)
North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox: pinus-palustris [nc-toolbox-flammability-facet] (with its avoid rating)
Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes: Fire-prone plants to avoid within 30 feet of the house [Alabama Forestry Commission booklet section] (with its avoid rating)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (6)

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector — USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area S&PF + state Firewise programs (WV, OH, PA, DE, DC, MD, NJ) · 2016-wayback · original source Primary evidence Keyed curation lineage: ufifas-srs-tree

“NOT Firewise (4)”

Primarily a lumber tree-12 inch needles in bundles of 3.
Firewise Landscaping in North Carolina (E05-44596) — NC State University / NC Cooperative Extension + USFWS (Bardon, Van Druten) · 2005 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: nc-tree

“High flammability rating”
Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300) — Virginia Cooperative Extension / Virginia Tech (Appleton, Frenzel, Hillegass, Lyons, Steward — Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force) · 2009 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: ufifas-srs-tree

“H flammability”

Native plant.
Fire-Resistant Landscaping in North Carolina (AG-874) — NC State Extension (Kays, Fawcett, Query, Thompson-Welch, Bardon) · 2025 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: nc-tree resolves to Firewise Landscaping in North Carolina (E05-44596)

“high flammability”
North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox — plant profiles and flammability ratings — NC State Extension (plants.ces.ncsu.edu) · live facet capture accessed 2026-08-23 · original source Corroboration Expert-curated lineage: nc-tree resolves to Firewise Landscaping in North Carolina (E05-44596)

“high flammability” · original source

NC Toolbox facet capture lists "Pinus palustris" under the high flammability tag.
Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes — Alabama Forestry Commission · 2002 archived booklet · original source Corroboration Compilation lineage: firewise-national

“Fire-prone plants to avoid within 30 feet of the house: Longleaf Pine — Pinus palustris”

The booklet explicitly places this row among fire-prone plants to avoid within 30 feet of the house.

Listed without a rating (158)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

158 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 1459; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 595.3” · score 595.3 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 1653; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “burning duration (s): 127.8” · score 127.8 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 1847; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “estimated burnt biomass (%): 23.8” · score 23.8 (FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2041; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “flame height (cm): 59” · score 59 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3212; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Emery2020-1; sampling january to february. Primary study Emery2020: Emery, R. K., & Hart, J. L. (2020). Flammability characteristics of surface fuels in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodland. Fire, 3, 39.
- “flaming duration (s): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3213; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Emery2020-1; sampling january to february. Primary study Emery2020: Emery, R. K., & Hart, J. L. (2020). Flammability characteristics of surface fuels in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodland. Fire, 3, 39.
- “burnt biomass (%): 80.8” · score 80.8 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 3214; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Emery2020-1; sampling january to february. Primary study Emery2020: Emery, R. K., & Hart, J. L. (2020). Flammability characteristics of surface fuels in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodland. Fire, 3, 39.
- “smouldering duration (s): 45” · score 45 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3215; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Emery2020-1; sampling january to february. Primary study Emery2020: Emery, R. K., & Hart, J. L. (2020). Flammability characteristics of surface fuels in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodland. Fire, 3, 39.
- “flame height (cm): 82.3” · score 82.3 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3352; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-2; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “flaming duration (s): 87.7” · score 87.7 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3353; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-2; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “burning duration (s): 228.6” · score 228.6 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3354; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-2; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “burnt biomass (%): 91.9” · score 91.9 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 3355; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-2; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06” · score 0.06 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3356; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-2; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “flame height (cm): 77” · score 77 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3357; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-2; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “flame height (cm): 87.1” · score 87.1 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3404; Combustibility measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-3; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “flaming duration (s): 208” · score 208 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3405; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-3; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “smouldering duration (s): 2958” · score 2958 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3406; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-3; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “burning duration (s): 3166” · score 3166 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3407; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-3; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “burnt biomass (%): 93.8” · score 93.8 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 3408; Consumability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-3; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.02” · score 0.02 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3409; Combustibility measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-3; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “flame height (cm): 63” · score 63 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5723; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 43” · score 43 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5724; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 39” · score 39 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5725; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 28” · score 28 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5726; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 17” · score 17 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5727; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 12” · score 12 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5728; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5729; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 145” · score 145 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5730; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 68” · score 68 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5731; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 60” · score 60 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5732; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 47” · score 47 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5733; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5734; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 33” · score 33 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5735; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 32” · score 32 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5736; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 60” · score 60 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5737; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 93” · score 93 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5738; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 105” · score 105 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5739; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 123” · score 123 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5740; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 111” · score 111 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5741; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 75” · score 75 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5742; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 94.8” · score 94.8 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5743; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 84” · score 84 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5744; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 154.2” · score 154.2 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5745; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 204” · score 204 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5746; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 202.8” · score 202.8 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5747; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 220.8” · score 220.8 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5748; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 169.8” · score 169.8 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5749; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 118.2” · score 118.2 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5750; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 142.8” · score 142.8 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5751; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 61.8” · score 61.8 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5752; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 15” · score 15 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5753; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 67.2” · score 67.2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5754; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 31.8” · score 31.8 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5755; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 10.2” · score 10.2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5756; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 10.2” · score 10.2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5757; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 358.2” · score 358.2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5758; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 204” · score 204 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5759; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 199.2” · score 199.2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5760; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 49.2” · score 49.2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5761; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 430.8” · score 430.8 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5762; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 31.8” · score 31.8 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5763; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 36” · score 36 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5764; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 89” · score 89 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5765; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 83” · score 83 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5766; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 66” · score 66 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5767; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 49” · score 49 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5768; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 28” · score 28 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5769; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 14” · score 14 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5770; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 23” · score 23 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5771; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 94” · score 94 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5772; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 86” · score 86 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5773; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 79” · score 79 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5774; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 70” · score 70 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5775; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 64” · score 64 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5776; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5777; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 25” · score 25 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5778; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 72” · score 72 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5835; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 33” · score 33 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5836; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 55” · score 55 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5837; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 25” · score 25 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5838; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 22” · score 22 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5839; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5840; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 14” · score 14 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5841; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 135” · score 135 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5842; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 77” · score 77 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5843; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 61” · score 61 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5844; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 54” · score 54 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5845; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 58” · score 58 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5846; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 42” · score 42 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5847; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 24” · score 24 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 5848; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 0.97” · score 0.97 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5849; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.77” · score 1.77 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5850; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.38” · score 1.38 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5851; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.45” · score 1.45 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5852; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.2” · score 1.2 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5853; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.37” · score 1.37 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5854; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.33” · score 2.33 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5855; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.23” · score 1.23 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5856; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 3.5” · score 3.5 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5857; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 3.7” · score 3.7 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5858; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.63” · score 2.63 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5859; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 3.4” · score 3.4 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5860; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.3” · score 2.3 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5861; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.65” · score 2.65 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5862; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 2.35” · score 2.35 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5863; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 1.3” · score 1.3 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5864; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 1.68” · score 1.68 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5865; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 0.83” · score 0.83 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5866; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 0.58” · score 0.58 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5867; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 0.25” · score 0.25 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5868; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 0.62” · score 0.62 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5869; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 7.58” · score 7.58 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5870; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 2.35” · score 2.35 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5871; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 2” · score 2 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5872; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 2.33” · score 2.33 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5873; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 0.58” · score 0.58 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5874; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 1.08” · score 1.08 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5875; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “time to smouldering (s): 0.13” · score 0.13 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5876; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 91” · score 91 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5877; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 77” · score 77 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5878; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 78” · score 78 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5879; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 41” · score 41 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5880; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 18” · score 18 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5881; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5882; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5883; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 94” · score 94 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5884; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 86” · score 86 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5885; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 79” · score 79 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5886; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 70” · score 70 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5887; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 64” · score 64 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5888; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5889; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “burnt biomass (%): 25” · score 25 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 5890; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Kreye2020-1; sampling July. Primary study Kreye2020: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., Varner, J. M., & Hiers, J. K. (2020). Radiant heating rapidly increases litter flammability through impacts on fuel moisture. Fire Ecology, 16, 1-10.
- “flame height (cm): 86.8” · score 86.8 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm)) · condition: dead material · condition method: Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning
  
  FLAMITS record 13638; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.
- “flaming duration (s): 57” · score 57 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)) · condition: dead material · condition method: Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning
  
  FLAMITS record 13639; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.
- “smouldering duration (s): 273.7” · score 273.7 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)) · condition: dead material · condition method: Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning
  
  FLAMITS record 13640; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.
- “burnt biomass (%): 92.4” · score 92.4 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)) · condition: dead material · condition method: Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning
  
  FLAMITS record 13641; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.
- “flame intensity (kW/m): 415” · score 415 (FLAMITS — flame intensity (kW/m)) · condition: dead material · condition method: Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning
  
  FLAMITS record 13642; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.
- “smouldering duration (s): 330.7” · score 330.7 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 15760; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-12; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.4” · score 4.4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16464; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Fazeli2022-1; sampling september to february. Primary study Fazeli2022: Fazeli, H., Jolly, W. M., & Blunck, D. L. (2022). Stages and time-scales of ignition and burning of live fuels for different convective heat fluxes. Fuel, 324, 124490.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.1” · score 2.1 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16465; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Fazeli2022-1; sampling september to february. Primary study Fazeli2022: Fazeli, H., Jolly, W. M., & Blunck, D. L. (2022). Stages and time-scales of ignition and burning of live fuels for different convective heat fluxes. Fuel, 324, 124490.
- “time to flaming (s): 0.5” · score 0.5 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16466; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Fazeli2022-1; sampling september to february. Primary study Fazeli2022: Fazeli, H., Jolly, W. M., & Blunck, D. L. (2022). Stages and time-scales of ignition and burning of live fuels for different convective heat fluxes. Fuel, 324, 124490.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.1” · score 2.1 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16467; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Fazeli2022-1; sampling september to february. Primary study Fazeli2022: Fazeli, H., Jolly, W. M., & Blunck, D. L. (2022). Stages and time-scales of ignition and burning of live fuels for different convective heat fluxes. Fuel, 324, 124490.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.8” · score 2.8 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16785; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “burning duration (s): 55.8” · score 55.8 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16786; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “flaming duration (s): 104.4” · score 104.4 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16787; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “smouldering duration (s): 105.6” · score 105.6 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16788; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 2.9” · score 2.9 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16789; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “burning duration (s): 43.2” · score 43.2 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16790; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “flaming duration (s): 99.6” · score 99.6 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16791; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “smouldering duration (s): 110.4” · score 110.4 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16792; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 4.2” · score 4.2 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16793; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “burning duration (s): 34.8” · score 34.8 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16794; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “flaming duration (s): 79.8” · score 79.8 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16795; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “smouldering duration (s): 130.2” · score 130.2 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16796; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Ziazi2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ziazi2022: Ziazi, R., Singh, A., Said, A. O., Gong, W., Schardong, B., Patterson, M., ... Simeoni, A. (2022). Experimental investigation of fire spread across a vegetative fuel bed incorporating the effect of wind velocity. (2021). 12th National Combustion Meeting submitted to EearthArXiv. Texas, USA.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4603.25556” · score 4603.25556 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 18000; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Safdari2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Safdari2018: Safdari, M.-S., Rahmati, M., Amini, E., Howarth, J. E., Berryhill, J. P., Dietenberger, M., Fletcher, T. H. (2018). Characterization of pyrolysis products from fast pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the Southern United States. Fuel, 229, 151166.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4682.12754” · score 4682.12754 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 18001; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Safdari2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Safdari2018: Safdari, M.-S., Rahmati, M., Amini, E., Howarth, J. E., Berryhill, J. P., Dietenberger, M., Fletcher, T. H. (2018). Characterization of pyrolysis products from fast pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the Southern United States. Fuel, 229, 151166.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4806.41066” · score 4806.41066 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 18014; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Safdari2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Safdari2018: Safdari, M.-S., Rahmati, M., Amini, E., Howarth, J. E., Berryhill, J. P., Dietenberger, M., Fletcher, T. H. (2018). Characterization of pyrolysis products from fast pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the Southern United States. Fuel, 229, 151166.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5043.0266” · score 5043.0266 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 18015; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Safdari2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Safdari2018: Safdari, M.-S., Rahmati, M., Amini, E., Howarth, J. E., Berryhill, J. P., Dietenberger, M., Fletcher, T. H. (2018). Characterization of pyrolysis products from fast pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the Southern United States. Fuel, 229, 151166.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Post oak
Quercus stellata

Basswood
Tilia americana

Red maple
Acer rubrum

Wild black cherry
Prunus serotina

White oak
Quercus alba

American beech
Fagus grandifolia

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · ITIS

Pinus palustris (Long leaf pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-palustris/. Last verified 2026-08-23.