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Lodgepole pine

Pinus contorta · Pinaceae · all Pinus records

Your local evidence lens

Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 0 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Colorado, California, and northeastern United States; Global
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: No state distribution is normalized.
Native range: Current cited native range in AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: No hardiness value is normalized.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: No ecological invasive report is normalized; that does not prove noninvasiveness.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) — Photo: (c) Alison Northup, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Alison Northup (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
Current cited native range: AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY
Region: Argentina; Chile; EE. UU.; New Zealand; Poland; Singapore
Rated in: Colorado, California, and northeastern United States; Global
Family: Pinaceae
Evidence: 182 cited sources

Native and introduced range evidence

These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval. Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.

Current native

11

exact source areas

Current introduced

0

exact source areas

Qualified

0

doubtful or extinct source rows

11 native source areas · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04

Alaska (AK)
California (CA)
Colorado (CO)
Idaho (ID)
Montana (MT)
Nevada (NV)
Oregon (OR)
South Dakota (SD)
Utah (UT)
Washington (WA)
Wyoming (WY)

The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

green: Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation — an update evidence row

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation — an update — USDA Forest Service (White, Weise, Mackes & Dibble) · 2002 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: usfs-fpl-cone-tree

“Measured; not in an author-named high or low relative-flammability group” · score 110 (green-PHRR-kW-m2) · condition: green

Table 4 reports 115% foliage moisture, green-sample PHRR 110 kW/m2, and dry-sample EHOC 18.1 MJ/kg.

Listed without a rating (181)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

181 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “time to flaming (s): 17.2” · score 17.2 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 683; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “burning duration (s): 10” · score 10 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 701; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “flammability value: 3.6” · score 3.6 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 719; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “ignition frequency (%): 70” · score 70 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 737; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “time to flaming (s): 32.1” · score 32.1 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 824; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 236” · score 236 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 855; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 43.5” · score 43.5 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 886; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “ignition frequency (%): 47” · score 47 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 917; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2466” · score 2466 (FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g))
  
  FLAMITS record 948; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 8617.6” · score 8617.6 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 1302; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Cobar2014-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Cobar2014: Cóbar-Carranza, A. J., García, R. A., Pauchard, A., & Pena, E. (2014). Effect of Pinus contorta invasion on forest fuel properties and its potential implications on the fire regime of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus antarctica forests. Biological Invasions, 16, 2273-2291.
- “ignition frequency (%): 37.5” · score 37.5 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 1456; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 224.6” · score 224.6 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 1650; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “burning duration (s): 3.6” · score 3.6 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 1844; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “estimated burnt biomass (%): 5” · score 5 (FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2038; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.96” · score 1.96 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3537; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 2” · score 2 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3538; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.37” · score 3.37 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3539; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.07” · score 2.07 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3540; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.18” · score 2.18 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3541; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.4” · score 1.4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3542; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.68” · score 1.68 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3543; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.27” · score 2.27 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3544; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 33.81” · score 33.81 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3566; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 22.61” · score 22.61 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3567; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 36.44” · score 36.44 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3568; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 33.75” · score 33.75 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3569; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 27.93” · score 27.93 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3570; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 33.38” · score 33.38 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3571; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “flame height (cm): 26.4” · score 26.4 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3572; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling may. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 396.4” · score 396.4 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3591; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 409.87” · score 409.87 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3592; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 330.62” · score 330.62 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3593; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 346.39” · score 346.39 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3594; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 307.72” · score 307.72 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3595; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 318.85” · score 318.85 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3596; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2; sampling ND. Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 509” · score 509 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 5054; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 302” · score 302 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 5057; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 59” · score 59 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 5060; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 5063; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 5066; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 25” · score 25 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 5069; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.
- “time to flaming (s): 46.1” · score 46.1 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5439; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Jolly2010-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jolly2010: Jolly, M., McAllister, S., Finney, M., & Hadlow, A. (2010). Time to ignition is influenced by both moisture content and soluble carbohydrates in live Douglas fir and Lodgepole pine needles. VI International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
- “time to flaming (s): 18.7” · score 18.7 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5440; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site Jolly2012-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jolly2012: Jolly, W. M., Parsons, R. A., Hadlow, A. M., Cohn, G. M., McAllister, S. S., Popp, J. B., ... Negron, J. F. (2012). Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack. Forest Ecology and Management, 269, 52-59.
- “time to flaming (s): 13.3” · score 13.3 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5441; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Jolly2012-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jolly2012: Jolly, W. M., Parsons, R. A., Hadlow, A. M., Cohn, G. M., McAllister, S. S., Popp, J. B., ... Negron, J. F. (2012). Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack. Forest Ecology and Management, 269, 52-59.
- “time to flaming (s): 35.3” · score 35.3 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 5442; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Jolly2012-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jolly2012: Jolly, W. M., Parsons, R. A., Hadlow, A. M., Cohn, G. M., McAllister, S. S., Popp, J. B., ... Negron, J. F. (2012). Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack. Forest Ecology and Management, 269, 52-59.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5335.81” · score 5335.81 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 5670; Combustibility measurement; plant part bark; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5206.84” · score 5206.84 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 5671; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5202.06” · score 5202.06 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 5672; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
- “time to flaming (s): 21.24” · score 21.24 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9076; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling april. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 22.52” · score 22.52 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9077; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling may. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 24.16” · score 24.16 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9078; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling june. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 24.13” · score 24.13 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9079; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling july. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 25.33” · score 25.33 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9080; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling august. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 26.3” · score 26.3 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9081; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling september. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 27.68” · score 27.68 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9082; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling october. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 29.84” · score 29.84 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9083; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling february. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 28.09” · score 28.09 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9084; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling march. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 26.31” · score 26.31 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9085; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling august. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 30” · score 30 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9086; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4; sampling september. Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.
- “time to flaming (s): 229.04” · score 229.04 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10167; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “time to flaming (s): 233.3” · score 233.3 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10168; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “time to flaming (s): 71.46” · score 71.46 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10169; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “time to flaming (s): 64.43” · score 64.43 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10170; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 50.06” · score 50.06 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10171; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 60.79” · score 60.79 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10172; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 51.4” · score 51.4 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10173; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 51.84” · score 51.84 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10174; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 274.65” · score 274.65 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10175; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 251.3” · score 251.3 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10176; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 132.5” · score 132.5 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10177; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 110.91” · score 110.91 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10178; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 378.69” · score 378.69 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10179; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 312.91” · score 312.91 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10180; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 211.38” · score 211.38 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10181; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 131.29” · score 131.29 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10182; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.12” · score 0.12 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10183; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.12” · score 0.12 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10184; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13” · score 0.13 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10185; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13” · score 0.13 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10186; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 110.13” · score 110.13 (FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10187; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 115.58” · score 115.58 (FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10188; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 141.88” · score 141.88 (FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10189; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 137.7” · score 137.7 (FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10190; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 56.13” · score 56.13 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10191; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 64.46” · score 64.46 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10192; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 51.32” · score 51.32 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10193; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “flaming duration (s): 54.71” · score 54.71 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10194; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 127.56” · score 127.56 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10195; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 137.76” · score 137.76 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10196; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 163.06” · score 163.06 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10197; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 153.79” · score 153.79 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10198; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4893.95” · score 4893.95 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10735; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4848.57” · score 4848.57 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10736; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4979.93” · score 4979.93 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10737; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5094” · score 5094 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10738; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5096.97” · score 5096.97 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10739; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5092.19” · score 5092.19 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10740; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5123.24” · score 5123.24 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10741; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5171.01” · score 5171.01 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10742; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5206.84” · score 5206.84 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10743; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5192.5” · score 5192.5 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 10744; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october. Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.
- “time to flaming (s): 61” · score 61 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12634; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “time to flaming (s): 48” · score 48 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12640; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “time to flaming (s): 27” · score 27 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12646; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “time to flaming (s): 23” · score 23 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12652; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “time to flaming (s): 11” · score 11 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12658; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “time to flaming (s): 12” · score 12 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12664; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 558.2” · score 558.2 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12670; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 433.8” · score 433.8 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12676; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 433.1” · score 433.1 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12682; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 348.6” · score 348.6 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12688; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 306.6” · score 306.6 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12694; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 314” · score 314 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12700; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 709.37” · score 709.37 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13427; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 642.5” · score 642.5 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13428; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5292.83” · score 5292.83 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13429; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5080.25” · score 5080.25 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13430; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5225.95” · score 5225.95 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13503; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4874.84” · score 4874.84 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13504; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5297.6” · score 5297.6 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13505; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4913.06” · score 4913.06 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13506; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 110” · score 110 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 14133; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND. Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4323.11” · score 4323.11 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 14186; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND. Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3940.96” · score 3940.96 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 14283; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND. Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- “time to flaming (s): 52.77” · score 52.77 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17370; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 50.37” · score 50.37 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17371; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 48.78” · score 48.78 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17372; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 45.39” · score 45.39 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17373; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 44.9” · score 44.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17374; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 51.71” · score 51.71 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17375; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 47.42” · score 47.42 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17376; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 40.92” · score 40.92 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17377; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 42.93” · score 42.93 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17378; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 45.14” · score 45.14 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17379; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 41.15” · score 41.15 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17380; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 43.06” · score 43.06 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17381; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 45.07” · score 45.07 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17382; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 36.78” · score 36.78 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17383; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 34.29” · score 34.29 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17384; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 48.49” · score 48.49 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17385; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 42.7” · score 42.7 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17386; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 48.13” · score 48.13 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17387; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 50.04” · score 50.04 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17388; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 45.35” · score 45.35 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17389; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 53.75” · score 53.75 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17390; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 48.27” · score 48.27 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17391; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 50.19” · score 50.19 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17392; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 51.89” · score 51.89 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17393; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 9.87” · score 9.87 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17394; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 9.17” · score 9.17 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17395; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 9.88” · score 9.88 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17396; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.89” · score 10.89 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17397; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.3” · score 12.3 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17398; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.31” · score 12.31 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17399; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.72” · score 11.72 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17400; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.93” · score 12.93 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17401; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.94” · score 12.94 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17402; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.85” · score 10.85 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17403; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.97” · score 11.97 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17404; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.18” · score 11.18 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17405; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 8.89” · score 8.89 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17406; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 9.99” · score 9.99 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17407; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.01” · score 12.01 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17408; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.12” · score 10.12 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17409; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.43” · score 10.43 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17410; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.34” · score 11.34 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17411; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 8.95” · score 8.95 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17412; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.85” · score 11.85 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17413; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 8.06” · score 8.06 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17414; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 8.37” · score 8.37 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17415; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october. Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133142.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.7” · score 6.7 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17473; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site McAllister2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study McAllister2014: McAllister S., & Finney, M. (2014). Convection Ignition of Live Forest Fuels. Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the eleventh International Symposium 11th conference. Christchurch, New Zealand.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.45” · score 2.45 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17474; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site McAllister2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study McAllister2014: McAllister S., & Finney, M. (2014). Convection Ignition of Live Forest Fuels. Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the eleventh International Symposium 11th conference. Christchurch, New Zealand.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.9” · score 11.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17477; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site McAllister2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study McAllister2014: McAllister S., & Finney, M. (2014). Convection Ignition of Live Forest Fuels. Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the eleventh International Symposium 11th conference. Christchurch, New Zealand.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5182.955965” · score 5182.955965 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 17979; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter. Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5108.913737” · score 5108.913737 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 17982; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter. Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 714.149232” · score 714.149232 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 17985; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter. Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 718.92615” · score 718.92615 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 17988; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter. Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 883.7298189” · score 883.7298189 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 17991; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter. Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3002.292925” · score 3002.292925 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 17994; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter. Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 12.6” · score 12.6 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 19955; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Leventon2023-2; sampling may and july 2017. Primary study Leventon2023: Leventon, I. T., Yang, J., & Bruns, M. C. (2023). Thermal decomposition of vegetative fuels and the impact of measured variations on simulations of wildfire spread. Fire Safety Journal, 137, 103762.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 14.4” · score 14.4 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 19960; Combustibility measurement; plant part stems; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Leventon2023-2; sampling may and july 2017. Primary study Leventon2023: Leventon, I. T., Yang, J., & Bruns, M. C. (2023). Thermal decomposition of vegetative fuels and the impact of measured variations on simulations of wildfire spread. Fire Safety Journal, 137, 103762.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Post oak
Quercus stellata

Red oak
Quercus rubra

Gambel Oak
Quercus gambelii

Basswood
Tilia americana

Oak
Quercus spp.

Dahurian larch
Larix gmelinii

Last verified 2026-08-24. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: GBIF ·

Pinus contorta (Lodgepole pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-contorta/. Last verified 2026-08-24.