FireApproved

United States / Grow / lodgepole pine

lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
Photo: (c) Alison Northup, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Alison Northup (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

lodgepole pine

Pinus contorta · Pinaceae · all Pinus records · Wikipedia

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Form
tree
Region
Argentina; Chile; EE. UU.; New Zealand; Poland; Singapore
Rated in
Colorado, California, and northeastern United States; Global
On this lot

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence
Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions
1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Evidence regions
Colorado, California, and northeastern United States; Global

2. Why this plant is relevant here

Native range
Current cited native range in AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Native and introduced range evidence

These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval. Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.

Current native

11

exact source areas

Current introduced

0

exact source areas

Qualified

0

doubtful or extinct source rows

11 native source areas · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04
  • Alaska (AK)
  • California (CA)
  • Colorado (CO)
  • Idaho (ID)
  • Montana (MT)
  • Nevada (NV)
  • Oregon (OR)
  • South Dakota (SD)
  • Utah (UT)
  • Washington (WA)
  • Wyoming (WY)

The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Listed without a rating (181)
Corroboration (181 rows from 1 source)

  • FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

    181 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.

    • Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 17.2”

          FLAMITS record 683.

        • “flammability value: 3.6”

          FLAMITS record 719.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 70”

          FLAMITS record 737.

      • “burning duration (s): 10”

        FLAMITS record 701; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 32.1”

          FLAMITS record 824.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 47”

          FLAMITS record 917.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 236”

          FLAMITS record 855.

        • “heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2466”

          FLAMITS record 948.

      • “flaming duration (s): 43.5”

        FLAMITS record 886; Sustainability measurement.

    • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 8617.6”

      FLAMITS record 1302; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Cobar2014-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Cobar2014: Cóbar-Carranza, A. J., García, R. A., Pauchard, A., & Pena, E. (2014). Effect of Pinus contorta invasion on forest fuel properties and its potential implications on the fire regime of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus antarctica forests. Biological Invasions, 16, 2273-2291.

    • Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.

      Shared row context: plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND.

      • “ignition frequency (%): 37.5”

        FLAMITS record 1456; Ignitability measurement.

      • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 224.6”

        FLAMITS record 1650; Combustibility measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 3.6”

        FLAMITS record 1844; Sustainability measurement.

      • “estimated burnt biomass (%): 5”

        FLAMITS record 2038; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study Gallacher2014: Gallacher, J. R., Lansinger, V., Hansen, S., Jack, D., Weise, D. R., & Fletcher, T. H. (2014). Effects of season and heating mode on ignition and burning behavior of three species of live fuel measured in a flat-flame burner system. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Pasadena, CA.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Gallacher2014-2.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling ND.

        • “time to flaming (s): 1.96”

          FLAMITS record 3537.

        • “time to flaming (s): 2”

          FLAMITS record 3538.

        • “time to flaming (s): 3.37”

          FLAMITS record 3539.

        • “time to flaming (s): 2.07”

          FLAMITS record 3540.

        • “time to flaming (s): 2.18”

          FLAMITS record 3541.

        • “time to flaming (s): 1.4”

          FLAMITS record 3542.

        • “time to flaming (s): 1.68”

          FLAMITS record 3543.

        • “time to flaming (s): 2.27”

          FLAMITS record 3544.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 396.4”

          FLAMITS record 3591.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 409.87”

          FLAMITS record 3592.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 330.62”

          FLAMITS record 3593.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 346.39”

          FLAMITS record 3594.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 307.72”

          FLAMITS record 3595.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 318.85”

          FLAMITS record 3596.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; sampling may.

        • “flame height (cm): 33.81”

          FLAMITS record 3566.

        • “flame height (cm): 22.61”

          FLAMITS record 3567.

        • “flame height (cm): 36.44”

          FLAMITS record 3568.

        • “flame height (cm): 33.75”

          FLAMITS record 3569.

        • “flame height (cm): 27.93”

          FLAMITS record 3570.

        • “flame height (cm): 33.38”

          FLAMITS record 3571.

        • “flame height (cm): 26.4”

          FLAMITS record 3572.

    • Primary study Jaskolowski2014: Jaskólowski, W., Ogrodnik, P., & Lukaszek-Chmielewska, A. (2014). The study of time to ignition of woods under external heat flux by piloted ignition and autoignition. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, 86, 133-137.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jaskolowski2014-1; sampling ND.

      • “energy flux (kW/m²): 509”

        FLAMITS record 5054.

      • “energy flux (kW/m²): 302”

        FLAMITS record 5057.

      • “energy flux (kW/m²): 59”

        FLAMITS record 5060.

      • “energy flux (kW/m²): 50”

        FLAMITS record 5063.

      • “energy flux (kW/m²): 20”

        FLAMITS record 5066.

      • “energy flux (kW/m²): 25”

        FLAMITS record 5069.

    • “time to flaming (s): 46.1”

      FLAMITS record 5439; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Jolly2010-1; sampling ND. Primary study Jolly2010: Jolly, M., McAllister, S., Finney, M., & Hadlow, A. (2010). Time to ignition is influenced by both moisture content and soluble carbohydrates in live Douglas fir and Lodgepole pine needles. VI International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra, Portugal.

    • Primary study Jolly2012: Jolly, W. M., Parsons, R. A., Hadlow, A. M., Cohn, G. M., McAllister, S. S., Popp, J. B., ... Negron, J. F. (2012). Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack. Forest Ecology and Management, 269, 52-59.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; device scale wind tunnel; site Jolly2012-1; sampling ND.

      • “time to flaming (s): 18.7”

        FLAMITS record 5440; fuel all; predrying yes.

      • “time to flaming (s): 13.3”

        FLAMITS record 5441; fuel dead; predrying no.

      • “time to flaming (s): 35.3”

        FLAMITS record 5442; fuel live; predrying no.

    • Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5335.81”

        FLAMITS record 5670; plant part bark.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5206.84”

        FLAMITS record 5671; plant part twigs.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5202.06”

        FLAMITS record 5672; plant part leaves.

    • Primary study McAllister2017: McAllister, S., & Weise, D. (2017). Effects of season on ignition of live wildland fuels using the forced ignition and flame spread test apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology, 189, 231-247.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2017-4.

      • “time to flaming (s): 21.24”

        FLAMITS record 9076; sampling april.

      • “time to flaming (s): 22.52”

        FLAMITS record 9077; sampling may.

      • “time to flaming (s): 24.16”

        FLAMITS record 9078; sampling june.

      • “time to flaming (s): 24.13”

        FLAMITS record 9079; sampling july.

      • Shared measurement context: sampling august.

        • “time to flaming (s): 25.33”

          FLAMITS record 9080.

        • “time to flaming (s): 26.31”

          FLAMITS record 9085.

      • Shared measurement context: sampling september.

        • “time to flaming (s): 26.3”

          FLAMITS record 9081.

        • “time to flaming (s): 30”

          FLAMITS record 9086.

      • “time to flaming (s): 27.68”

        FLAMITS record 9082; sampling october.

      • “time to flaming (s): 29.84”

        FLAMITS record 9083; sampling february.

      • “time to flaming (s): 28.09”

        FLAMITS record 9084; sampling march.

    • Primary study Page2012: Page, W. G., Jenkins, M. J., & Runyon, J. B. (2012). Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1631-1647.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; device epiradiator; site Page2012-1; sampling summer.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; predrying no.

        • “time to flaming (s): 229.04”

          FLAMITS record 10167.

        • “time to flaming (s): 233.3”

          FLAMITS record 10168.

        • “time to flaming (s): 71.46”

          FLAMITS record 10169.

        • “time to flaming (s): 64.43”

          FLAMITS record 10170.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 274.65”

          FLAMITS record 10175.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 251.3”

          FLAMITS record 10176.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 132.5”

          FLAMITS record 10177.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 110.91”

          FLAMITS record 10178.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; predrying no.

        • “flaming duration (s): 50.06”

          FLAMITS record 10171.

        • “flaming duration (s): 60.79”

          FLAMITS record 10172.

        • “flaming duration (s): 51.4”

          FLAMITS record 10173.

        • “flaming duration (s): 51.84”

          FLAMITS record 10174.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying no.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 378.69”

          FLAMITS record 10179.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 312.91”

          FLAMITS record 10180.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 211.38”

          FLAMITS record 10181.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 131.29”

          FLAMITS record 10182.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.12”

          FLAMITS record 10183.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.12”

          FLAMITS record 10184.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13”

          FLAMITS record 10185.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13”

          FLAMITS record 10186.

        • “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 110.13”

          FLAMITS record 10187.

        • “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 115.58”

          FLAMITS record 10188.

        • “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 141.88”

          FLAMITS record 10189.

        • “temperature increase rate (°C/s): 137.7”

          FLAMITS record 10190.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; predrying yes.

        • “flaming duration (s): 56.13”

          FLAMITS record 10191.

        • “flaming duration (s): 64.46”

          FLAMITS record 10192.

        • “flaming duration (s): 51.32”

          FLAMITS record 10193.

        • “flaming duration (s): 54.71”

          FLAMITS record 10194.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; predrying yes.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 127.56”

          FLAMITS record 10195.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 137.76”

          FLAMITS record 10196.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 163.06”

          FLAMITS record 10197.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 153.79”

          FLAMITS record 10198.

    • Primary study Qi2016: Qi, Y., Jolly, W .M., Dennison, P. E., & Kropp, R. C. (2016). Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole line and big sagebrush foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 574-578.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Qi2016-1; sampling july to october.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4893.95”

        FLAMITS record 10735.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4848.57”

        FLAMITS record 10736.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4979.93”

        FLAMITS record 10737.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5094”

        FLAMITS record 10738.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5096.97”

        FLAMITS record 10739.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5092.19”

        FLAMITS record 10740.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5123.24”

        FLAMITS record 10741.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5171.01”

        FLAMITS record 10742.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5206.84”

        FLAMITS record 10743.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5192.5”

        FLAMITS record 10744.

    • Primary study Shi2013: Shi, L., & Chew, M. Y. L. (2013). Experimental study of woods under external heat flux by autoignition. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 111, 1399-1407.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Shi2013-1; sampling ND.

      • “time to flaming (s): 61”

        FLAMITS record 12634.

      • “time to flaming (s): 48”

        FLAMITS record 12640.

      • “time to flaming (s): 27”

        FLAMITS record 12646.

      • “time to flaming (s): 23”

        FLAMITS record 12652.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11”

        FLAMITS record 12658.

      • “time to flaming (s): 12”

        FLAMITS record 12664.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 558.2”

        FLAMITS record 12670.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 433.8”

        FLAMITS record 12676.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 433.1”

        FLAMITS record 12682.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 348.6”

        FLAMITS record 12688.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 306.6”

        FLAMITS record 12694.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 314”

        FLAMITS record 12700.

    • Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part leaves.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 709.37”

          FLAMITS record 13427.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5292.83”

          FLAMITS record 13429.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part litter.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 642.5”

          FLAMITS record 13428.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5080.25”

          FLAMITS record 13430.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part wood.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5225.95”

          FLAMITS record 13503.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4874.84”

          FLAMITS record 13504.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5297.6”

          FLAMITS record 13505.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4913.06”

          FLAMITS record 13506.

    • Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND.

      • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 110”

        FLAMITS record 14133; predrying no.

      • Shared measurement context: predrying yes.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4323.11”

          FLAMITS record 14186.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3940.96”

          FLAMITS record 14283.

    • Primary study McAllister2012: McAllister, S., Grenfell, I., Hadlow, A., Jolly, W. M., Finney, M., & Cohen, J. (2012). Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal, 51, 133–142.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; device scale wind tunnel; site McAllister2012-1; sampling march to october.

      • Shared measurement context: predrying no.

        • “time to flaming (s): 52.77”

          FLAMITS record 17370.

        • “time to flaming (s): 50.37”

          FLAMITS record 17371.

        • “time to flaming (s): 48.78”

          FLAMITS record 17372.

        • “time to flaming (s): 45.39”

          FLAMITS record 17373.

        • “time to flaming (s): 44.9”

          FLAMITS record 17374.

        • “time to flaming (s): 51.71”

          FLAMITS record 17375.

        • “time to flaming (s): 47.42”

          FLAMITS record 17376.

        • “time to flaming (s): 40.92”

          FLAMITS record 17377.

        • “time to flaming (s): 42.93”

          FLAMITS record 17378.

        • “time to flaming (s): 45.14”

          FLAMITS record 17379.

        • “time to flaming (s): 41.15”

          FLAMITS record 17380.

        • “time to flaming (s): 43.06”

          FLAMITS record 17381.

        • “time to flaming (s): 45.07”

          FLAMITS record 17382.

        • “time to flaming (s): 36.78”

          FLAMITS record 17383.

        • “time to flaming (s): 34.29”

          FLAMITS record 17384.

        • “time to flaming (s): 48.49”

          FLAMITS record 17385.

        • “time to flaming (s): 42.7”

          FLAMITS record 17386.

        • “time to flaming (s): 48.13”

          FLAMITS record 17387.

        • “time to flaming (s): 50.04”

          FLAMITS record 17388.

        • “time to flaming (s): 45.35”

          FLAMITS record 17389.

        • “time to flaming (s): 53.75”

          FLAMITS record 17390.

        • “time to flaming (s): 48.27”

          FLAMITS record 17391.

        • “time to flaming (s): 50.19”

          FLAMITS record 17392.

        • “time to flaming (s): 51.89”

          FLAMITS record 17393.

      • Shared measurement context: predrying yes.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9.87”

          FLAMITS record 17394.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9.17”

          FLAMITS record 17395.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9.88”

          FLAMITS record 17396.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.89”

          FLAMITS record 17397.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12.3”

          FLAMITS record 17398.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12.31”

          FLAMITS record 17399.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.72”

          FLAMITS record 17400.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12.93”

          FLAMITS record 17401.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12.94”

          FLAMITS record 17402.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.85”

          FLAMITS record 17403.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.97”

          FLAMITS record 17404.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.18”

          FLAMITS record 17405.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8.89”

          FLAMITS record 17406.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9.99”

          FLAMITS record 17407.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12.01”

          FLAMITS record 17408.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.12”

          FLAMITS record 17409.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.43”

          FLAMITS record 17410.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.34”

          FLAMITS record 17411.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8.95”

          FLAMITS record 17412.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.85”

          FLAMITS record 17413.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8.06”

          FLAMITS record 17414.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8.37”

          FLAMITS record 17415.

    • Primary study McAllister2014: McAllister S., & Finney, M. (2014). Convection Ignition of Live Forest Fuels. Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the eleventh International Symposium 11th conference. Christchurch, New Zealand.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; predrying no; device burning bench; site McAllister2014-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: plant part litter; fuel all.

        • “time to flaming (s): 6.7”

          FLAMITS record 17473.

        • “time to flaming (s): 2.45”

          FLAMITS record 17474.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.9”

        FLAMITS record 17477; plant part leaves; fuel live.

    • Primary study Susott1980: Susott R. A. (1980). Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives. Forest Science, 26, 347-360

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; predrying no; device burning bench; site Susott1980-1; sampling winter.

      • Shared measurement context: fuel dead.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5182.955965”

          FLAMITS record 17979.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 714.149232”

          FLAMITS record 17985.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 883.7298189”

          FLAMITS record 17991.

      • Shared measurement context: fuel live.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5108.913737”

          FLAMITS record 17982.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 718.92615”

          FLAMITS record 17988.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3002.292925”

          FLAMITS record 17994.

    • Primary study Leventon2023: Leventon, I. T., Yang, J., & Bruns, M. C. (2023). Thermal decomposition of vegetative fuels and the impact of measured variations on simulations of wildfire spread. Fire Safety Journal, 137, 103762.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Leventon2023-2; sampling may and july 2017.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 12.6”

        FLAMITS record 19955; plant part leaves.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 14.4”

        FLAMITS record 19960; plant part stems.

Fire-resistant trees instead

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Quercus gambelii American basswood
Tilia americana oak
Quercus spp. Dahurian larch
Larix gmelinii
Same genus in the directory · the Pinus group page

Last verified 2026-08-24. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

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Pinus contorta (Lodgepole pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-contorta/. Last verified 2026-08-24.