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Radiata pine

Pinus radiata · Pinaceae · all Pinus records

Your local evidence lens

Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 0 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Global; New Zealand; Peñuelas Lake National Reserve, Valparaíso, Chile
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in CA.
Native range: Current cited native range in CA.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: Documented minimum 9a; no upper limit is documented.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: 1 ecological invasive report; set a location to distinguish exact from regional context.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) — Photo: (c) Forest and Kim Starr, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
USDA hardiness: Minimum 9a; upper limit not documented
Mature height: ~120 ft
Water need: high
Current cited native range: CA
Grows in: CA
Rated in: Global; New Zealand; Peñuelas Lake National Reserve, Valparaíso, Chile
Family: Pinaceae
Evidence: 91 cited sources

Native and introduced range evidence

These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval. Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.

Current native

1

exact source area

Current introduced

0

exact source areas

Qualified

0

doubtful or extinct source rows

1 native source area · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04

California (CA)

The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.

Plant hardiness evidence

These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.

USDA PLANTS Database — Plant Characteristics · record PIRA2 · PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23 · as of 2026-08-26

Minimum 9a · no upper limit documented · half zone precision · derived containing band

Exact source measurement: 23°F; mapped only to its containing half-zone.

Source taxon: Pinus radiata · source identifier match.

Source location: PlantCharacteristics record 15549, Temperature, Minimum (°F).

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

green: Thermo- and physicochemical properties of native and exotic forest species of Valparaíso evidence row, Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability evidence row

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (1)

Thermo- and physicochemical properties of native and exotic forest species of Valparaíso — International Journal of Wildland Fire (Guerrero et al.; UTFSM) · 2020 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: guerrero-utfsm-tree

“HHV class 4 (high risk)” · score 4 (hhv-risk-1-5) · condition: green

The paper applies the published HHV risk scale and reports a mean leaf flash point of 308 °C; flash-point precision is explicitly described as low.

Mid-scale / conditional (2)

A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species — International Journal of Wildland Fire (Wyse, Perry, O'Connell, Holland, Wright, Hosted, Whitelock, Geary, Maurin, Curran) · 2016 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: lincoln-nz-tree

“Moderate flammability category (Fig. 2)”

Shoot category from the paper's cluster analysis; samples were air-dried for 24 hours before testing.
Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability — IJERPH (Guerrero et al.; UTFSM) · 2021 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: guerrero-utfsm-tree

“Flammable (FI 3)” · score 3 (valette-0-5-live-leaf) · condition: green

All 50 live-leaf samples ignited; mean ignition time was 19.64 s.

Listed without a rating (88)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

88 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “time to flaming (s): 17.9” · score 17.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 684; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “burning duration (s): 10.4” · score 10.4 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 702; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “flammability value: 2.8” · score 2.8 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 720; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “ignition frequency (%): 70” · score 70 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 738; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.
- “time to flaming (s): 33.2” · score 33.2 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 826; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 217” · score 217 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 857; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “flaming duration (s): 41.7” · score 41.7 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 888; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “ignition frequency (%): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 919; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2097” · score 2097 (FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g))
  
  FLAMITS record 950; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.
- “ignition frequency (%): 79.5” · score 79.5 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 1462; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 371.6” · score 371.6 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 1656; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “burning duration (s): 18.6” · score 18.6 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 1850; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “estimated burnt biomass (%): 18.2” · score 18.2 (FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2044; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “flame height (cm): 67.3” · score 67.3 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3372; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “flaming duration (s): 63.5” · score 63.5 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3373; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “burning duration (s): 423.8” · score 423.8 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3374; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “burnt biomass (%): 81.4” · score 81.4 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 3375; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.03” · score 0.03 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3376; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.
- “flame height (cm): 50.1” · score 50.1 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 3422; Combustibility measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “flaming duration (s): 605” · score 605 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3423; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “smouldering duration (s): 1652” · score 1652 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3424; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “burning duration (s): 2257” · score 2257 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3425; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “burnt biomass (%): 44” · score 44 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 3426; Consumability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.02” · score 0.02 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 3427; Combustibility measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.
- “time to flaming (s): 19.81” · score 19.81 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4620; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.
- “flaming duration (s): 9.77” · score 9.77 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4625; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.
- “burning duration (s): 44.01” · score 44.01 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4630; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.
- “ignition frequency (%): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 4635; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.
- “flammability value: 3” · score 3 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 4640; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4972.77” · score 4972.77 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 4645; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.
- “time to flaming (s): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7755; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7756; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5143” · score 5143 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 7909; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5385” · score 5385 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 7910; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “flammability value: 3” · score 3 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 7958; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “flammability value: 5” · score 5 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 7959; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 98” · score 98 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8154; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8155; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 20.9” · score 20.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9492; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 668.85” · score 668.85 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9522; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.
- “burnt biomass (%): 85.63” · score 85.63 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9552; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.2” · score 11.2 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9582; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 662.04” · score 662.04 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9612; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.
- “burnt biomass (%): 83.56” · score 83.56 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9642; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.
- “time to flaming (s): 33” · score 33 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 11656; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 201” · score 201 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 11693; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “flaming duration (s): 178” · score 178 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 11730; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.17” · score 0.17 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 11767; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “burnt biomass (%): 85” · score 85 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 11804; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3623.29” · score 3623.29 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 11841; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 138” · score 138 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 11878; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.
- “ignition frequency (%): 66.7” · score 66.7 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 14364; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 234” · score 234 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14424; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.
- “burning duration (s): 10.5” · score 10.5 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14484; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.
- “estimated burnt biomass (%): 10.6” · score 10.6 (FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 14544; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.
- “flame height (cm): 72” · score 72 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 15721; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.
- “flaming duration (s): 38.6” · score 38.6 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 15722; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.
- “smouldering duration (s): 595.6” · score 595.6 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 15723; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.
- “burnt biomass (%): 92.2” · score 92.2 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 15724; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.
- “time to flaming (s): 49” · score 49 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 15850; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.
- “time to flaming (s): 6” · score 6 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 15852; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 14.84” · score 14.84 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 15855; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.
- “time to smoke (s): 48” · score 48 (FLAMITS — time to smoke (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16504; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smoke (s): 462” · score 462 (FLAMITS — time to smoke (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16505; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smoke (s): 1” · score 1 (FLAMITS — time to smoke (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16506; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smoke (s): 1” · score 1 (FLAMITS — time to smoke (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16507; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smouldering (s): 57” · score 57 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16520; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smouldering (s): 515” · score 515 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16521; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smouldering (s): 48” · score 48 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16522; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to smouldering (s): 378” · score 378 (FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16523; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to flaming (s): 102” · score 102 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16536; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to flaming (s): 558” · score 558 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16537; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to flaming (s): 73” · score 73 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16538; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “time to flaming (s): 422” · score 422 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16539; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “burning duration (s): 137” · score 137 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16552; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “burning duration (s): 574” · score 574 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16553; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “burning duration (s): 141” · score 141 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16554; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “burning duration (s): 555” · score 555 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16555; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.12” · score 0.12 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17634; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.18” · score 0.18 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17635; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.06” · score 0.06 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17636; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.13” · score 0.13 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17637; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.21” · score 0.21 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17638; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.16” · score 0.16 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17639; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.11” · score 0.11 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17640; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.11” · score 0.11 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17641; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.15” · score 0.15 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17642; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.07” · score 0.07 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17643; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 15891605.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides

American sweetgum
Liquidambar styraciflua

Lombardy poplar
Populus nigra 'Italica'

Boxelder
Acer negundo

Thornless honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos

Oregon white oak
Quercus garryana

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-24. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF ·

Pinus radiata (Radiata pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-radiata/. Last verified 2026-08-24.