{"id":"pinus-radiata","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Pinus radiata","commonNames":["Radiata pine"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Pinus radiata","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"PIRA2","gbifKey":5285727},"usdaZoneMin":"9a","zoneSource":"usda-plants","states":["CA"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae11474","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2018-01-04T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus radiata","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["Wagner et al. (2012), https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/hawaiianflora/Hawaiian_vascular_plant_updates_1.3.pdf"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"9a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIRA2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus radiata","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15549, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":120,"waterNeed":"high","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/pinus-radiata.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/118305054","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Forest and Kim Starr, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"wyse-2016-nz-60-species","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderate flammability category (Fig. 2)","claims":"Shoot category from the paper's cluster analysis; samples were air-dried for 24 hours before testing.","plantPart":"shoot","edition":"2016","url":"https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/bitstreams/f71e918c-7752-443a-a5ed-8307c07ae635/download","documentDate":"2016-02-25T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"guerrero-2020-valparaiso-thermo","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"HHV class 4 (high risk)","score":{"value":4,"scale":"hhv-risk-1-5"},"claims":"The paper applies the published HHV risk scale and reports a mean leaf flash point of 308 °C; flash-point precision is explicitly described as low.","plantPart":"leaf","condition":"green","edition":"2020","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340890318_Thermo-_and_physicochemical_properties_of_native_and_exotic_forest_species_of_Valparaiso_Chile_as_essential_information_for_fire_risk_management","documentDate":"2020-04-24T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"valparaiso-2021-leaf-thermal-chemical","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Flammable (FI 3)","score":{"value":3,"scale":"valette-0-5-live-leaf"},"claims":"All 50 live-leaf samples ignited; mean ignition time was 19.64 s.","plantPart":"leaf","condition":"green","edition":"2021","url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/ijerph/ijerph-18-07191/article_deploy/ijerph-18-07191-v2.pdf","documentDate":"2021-07-05T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 17.9","score":{"value":17.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 684; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 10.4","score":{"value":10.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 702; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 2.8","score":{"value":2.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 720; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 70","score":{"value":70,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 738; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 33.2","score":{"value":33.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 826; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 217","score":{"value":217,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 857; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 41.7","score":{"value":41.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 888; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 50","score":{"value":50,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 919; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2097","score":{"value":2097,"scale":"FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 950; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 79.5","score":{"value":79.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1462; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 371.6","score":{"value":371.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1656; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 18.6","score":{"value":18.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1850; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"estimated burnt biomass (%): 18.2","score":{"value":18.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2044; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 67.3","score":{"value":67.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3372; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Fonda2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 63.5","score":{"value":63.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3373; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Fonda2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 423.8","score":{"value":423.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3374; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Fonda2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 81.4","score":{"value":81.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3375; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Fonda2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.03","score":{"value":0.03,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3376; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2001-7; sampling ND. Primary study Fonda2001: Fonda, R. W. (2001). Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science, 47, 390-396.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Fonda2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 50.1","score":{"value":50.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3422; Combustibility measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.","original":"Fonda2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 605","score":{"value":605,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3423; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.","original":"Fonda2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 1652","score":{"value":1652,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3424; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.","original":"Fonda2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 2257","score":{"value":2257,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3425; Sustainability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.","original":"Fonda2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 44","score":{"value":44,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3426; Consumability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.","original":"Fonda2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.02","score":{"value":0.02,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3427; Combustibility measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fonda2004-6; sampling august to october. Primary study Fonda2004: Fonda, R., & Varner, J. (2004). Burning characteristics of cones from eight pine species. Northwest Science, 78, 322-333.","original":"Fonda2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 19.81","score":{"value":19.81,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4620; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guerrero2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 9.77","score":{"value":9.77,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4625; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guerrero2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 44.01","score":{"value":44.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4630; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guerrero2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 50","score":{"value":50,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4635; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guerrero2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 3","score":{"value":3,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4640; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guerrero2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4972.77","score":{"value":4972.77,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4645; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Guerrero2021-1; sampling summer. Primary study Guerrero2021: Guerrero, F., Hernández, C., Toledo, M., Espinoza, L., Carrasco, Y., Arriagada, A., ... Carmona, C. (2021). Leaf thermal and chemical properties as natural drivers of plant flammability of native and exotic tree species of the valparaíso region, Chile. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18, 7191.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guerrero2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20","score":{"value":20,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7755; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 4","score":{"value":4,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7756; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5143","score":{"value":5143,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7909; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5385","score":{"value":5385,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7910; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 3","score":{"value":3,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7958; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 5","score":{"value":5,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7959; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 98","score":{"value":98,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8154; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 100","score":{"value":100,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8155; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-9; sampling january. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20.9","score":{"value":20.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9492; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Msweli2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 668.85","score":{"value":668.85,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9522; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Msweli2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 85.63","score":{"value":85.63,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9552; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Msweli2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 11.2","score":{"value":11.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9582; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Msweli2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 662.04","score":{"value":662.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9612; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Msweli2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 83.56","score":{"value":83.56,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9642; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Msweli2020-1; sampling february to november. Primary study Msweli2020: Msweli, S. T., Potts, A. J., Fritz, H., & Kraaij, T. (2020). Fire weather effects on flammability of indigenous and invasive alien plants in coastal fynbos and thicket shrublands (Cape Floristic Region). PeerJ, 8, e10161.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Msweli2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 33","score":{"value":33,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11656; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 201","score":{"value":201,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11693; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 178","score":{"value":178,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11730; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.17","score":{"value":0.17,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11767; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 85","score":{"value":85,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11804; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3623.29","score":{"value":3623.29,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11841; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 138","score":{"value":138,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11878; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 66.7","score":{"value":66.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14364; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Wyse2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 234","score":{"value":234,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14424; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Wyse2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 10.5","score":{"value":10.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14484; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Wyse2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"estimated burnt biomass (%): 10.6","score":{"value":10.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14544; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Wyse2016-3; sampling ND. Primary study Wyse2016: Wyse, S. V., Perry, G. L. W., O'Connell, D. M., Holland, P. S., Wright, M. J., Hosted, C. L., ... Curran, T. J. (2016). A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25, 466-477.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Wyse2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 72","score":{"value":72,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15721; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 38.6","score":{"value":38.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15722; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 595.6","score":{"value":595.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15723; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 92.2","score":{"value":92.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15724; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-19; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 49","score":{"value":49,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15850; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 6","score":{"value":6,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15852; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 14.84","score":{"value":14.84,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15855; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 48","score":{"value":48,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16504; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 462","score":{"value":462,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16505; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16506; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16507; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 57","score":{"value":57,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16520; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 515","score":{"value":515,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16521; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 48","score":{"value":48,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16522; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 378","score":{"value":378,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16523; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 102","score":{"value":102,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16536; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 558","score":{"value":558,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16537; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 73","score":{"value":73,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16538; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 422","score":{"value":422,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16539; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 137","score":{"value":137,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16552; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 574","score":{"value":574,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16553; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 141","score":{"value":141,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16554; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 555","score":{"value":555,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16555; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.12","score":{"value":0.12,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17634; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.18","score":{"value":0.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17635; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.06","score":{"value":0.06,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17636; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.13","score":{"value":0.13,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17637; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.21","score":{"value":0.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17638; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.16","score":{"value":0.16,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17639; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.11","score":{"value":0.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17640; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.11","score":{"value":0.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17641; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.15","score":{"value":0.15,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17642; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.07","score":{"value":0.07,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17643; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device scale wind tunnel; site Valdivieso2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Valdivieso2014: Valdivieso, J.P., & Rivera, J.D.D. (2014). Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds. Fire Technology, 50, 1589–1605.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Valdivieso2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo selected from license-verified candidates and human-reviewed 2026-08-24 (joint session)."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CA"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"9a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"9a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIRA2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus radiata","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15549, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"9a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIRA2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus radiata","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15549, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"9a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIRA2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus radiata","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15549, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae11474","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2018-01-04T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus radiata","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["Wagner et al. (2012), https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/hawaiianflora/Hawaiian_vascular_plant_updates_1.3.pdf"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"green","evidence":[{"source":"guerrero-2020-valparaiso-thermo","verdict":"avoid","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340890318_Thermo-_and_physicochemical_properties_of_native_and_exotic_forest_species_of_Valparaiso_Chile_as_essential_information_for_fire_risk_management","claims":"The paper applies the published HHV risk scale and reports a mean leaf flash point of 308 °C; flash-point precision is explicitly described as low.","evidenceIndex":1},{"source":"valparaiso-2021-leaf-thermal-chemical","verdict":"mixed","url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/ijerph/ijerph-18-07191/article_deploy/ijerph-18-07191-v2.pdf","claims":"All 50 live-leaf samples ignited; mean ignition time was 19.64 s.","evidenceIndex":2}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["CA"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"9a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}