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Stone pine

Pinus pinea · Pinaceae · all Pinus records

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Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 4 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Greece; New Zealand; Turkey
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in CA.
Native range: No current cited or legacy state native range is normalized.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: No hardiness value is normalized.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: 1 ecological invasive report; set a location to distinguish exact from regional context.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Stone pine (Pinus pinea) — Photo: (c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
Grows in: CA
Rated in: Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global +3
Uses: ornamental
Family: Pinaceae
Evidence: 70 cited sources

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

green: The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI evidence row

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Guía de pirojardinería: not suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone [girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability] (with its avoid rating)
Time to extinguish the exotic flame: Lessons from the 202…: Urban zone; Table 1 and deposited raw workbook [macalister-2025-leaf-flammability] (with its avoid rating)
Κανονισμός Πυροπροστασίας Ακινήτων εντός ή πλησίον δασικώ…: section 5.4.2, Table 2δi [greece-2023-particularly-flammable] (with its avoid rating)
Yanan Orman Alanlarının Rehabilitasyonu ve Yangına Direnç…: Temel prensipler; Yangın önleyici tesisler [yardop-6976-operational-fire-resistant-planting] (with its recommendation)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (4)

The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI — Landscape and Urban Planning (Molina, Martín, Rodríguez y Silva & Herrera) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: molina-uco-tree

“Very flammable (Valette 4)” · score 4 (valette-0-5-live-leaf) · condition: green

Table 2 reports 137.74% foliar moisture, 13.82 s mean time to ignition, and 15.92 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.
Guía de pirojardinería — guía práctica de jardinería adaptada a la prevención de incendios forestales — Diputació de Girona and Bombers de la Generalitat de Catalunya · 2020 Spanish edition · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: elvira-hernando-1989 + cooperem-tree

“MUY DESACONSEJADA”

Pinus pinea is rated “MUY DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.
Time to extinguish the exotic flame: Lessons from the 2021 Cape Town fire — South African Journal of Botany / University of Cape Town · South African Journal of Botany 184:1163-1173 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: independent (UCT post-Table-Mountain-fire study)

“wildfire hazard”

Official-workbook means across 50 leaf trials: fresh ignition 6.689 s, fresh sustainability 33.54 s, dry ignition 1.845 s, dry sustainability 14.001 s, and combustibility 8.312 mg DW s-1. Published Table 1 observation for the 2021 fire: Partially burned. The discussion explicitly calls the species a wildfire hazard because abundant leaf litter is highly consumable despite low individual-leaf combustibility.
Κανονισμός Πυροπροστασίας Ακινήτων εντός ή πλησίον δασικών εκτάσεων — Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy · FEK B 3475/2023 · original source Corroboration Regulation

“ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Pinus pinea”

The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Low Flammability Plants directory — Fire and Emergency New Zealand (plant flammability testing at Lincoln University) · 2026 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: lincoln-nz-tree

“Moderate flammability”

Moderate flammability classification.

Listed without a rating (64)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

64 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 1460; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 495” · score 495 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 1654; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “burning duration (s): 28” · score 28 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 1848; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “estimated burnt biomass (%): 15” · score 15 (FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2042; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
- “time to flaming (s): 33.97” · score 33.97 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 2984; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4021.27” · score 4021.27 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 2994; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 247.25” · score 247.25 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 3004; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.
- “flammability value: 8.45” · score 8.45 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 3312; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Essaghi2017-1; sampling january. Primary study Essaghi2017: Essaghi, S., Hachmi, M. H., Yessef, M., Dehhaoui, M., & El Amarty, F. (2017). Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. Forests, 8, 443.
- “flammability value: 14.82” · score 14.82 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 3325; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Essaghi2017-1; sampling january. Primary study Essaghi2017: Essaghi, S., Hachmi, M. H., Yessef, M., Dehhaoui, M., & El Amarty, F. (2017). Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. Forests, 8, 443.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4891.56” · score 4891.56 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 3927; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.51” · score 5.51 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4650; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “flame height (cm): 43” · score 43 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 4656; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.26” · score 0.26 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4663; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “ignition frequency (%): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 4673; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.51” · score 5.51 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4681; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.26” · score 0.26 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4689; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “burnt biomass (%): 93” · score 93 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 4695; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND. Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 375” · score 375 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 7292; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 19.65” · score 19.65 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 7298; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “time to flaming (s): 6” · score 6 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7304; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “flaming duration (s): 68” · score 68 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7310; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06” · score 0.06 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7316; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “flaming duration (s): 81” · score 81 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7337; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 331” · score 331 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 7357; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “time to flaming (s): 9” · score 9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7377; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06” · score 0.06 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7397; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 12.81” · score 12.81 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 7417; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
- “time to flaming (s): 23” · score 23 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7748; Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 60” · score 60 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7749; Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 38” · score 38 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7750; Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling november. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 22” · score 22 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7751; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling april. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 21” · score 21 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7752; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling june. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7753; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 50” · score 50 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7754; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4805” · score 4805 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 7906; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4878” · score 4878 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 7907; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “flammability value: 1” · score 1 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 7956; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “flammability value: 3” · score 3 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 7957; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 96” · score 96 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8147; Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 68” · score 68 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8148; Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 8” · score 8 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8149; Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling november. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8150; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling april. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8151; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling june. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8152; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 95” · score 95 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8153; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 13.82” · score 13.82 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9304; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
- “flaming duration (s): 15.93” · score 15.93 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9322; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
- “flammability value: 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9340; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
- “time to flaming (s): 17.11” · score 17.11 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9362; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.
- “flaming duration (s): 9.91” · score 9.91 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9376; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.
- “flame height (cm): 10.75” · score 10.75 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 9390; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.
- “flammability value: 1.49” · score 1.49 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9404; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.16” · score 3.16 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9894; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ormeno2009-5; sampling june. Primary study Ormeno2009: Ormeno, E., Cespedes, B., Sanchez, I.A., Velasco-Garcia, A., Moreno, J.M., Fernandez, C., & Baldy, V. (2009). The relationship between terpenes and flammability of leaf litter. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 471-482.
- “burning duration (s): 14.63” · score 14.63 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9900; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ormeno2009-5; sampling june. Primary study Ormeno2009: Ormeno, E., Cespedes, B., Sanchez, I.A., Velasco-Garcia, A., Moreno, J.M., Fernandez, C., & Baldy, V. (2009). The relationship between terpenes and flammability of leaf litter. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 471-482.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 329.6” · score 329.6 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 16625; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.
- “time to flaming (s): 27.6” · score 27.6 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16626; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.
- “flame height (cm): 52” · score 52 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 16627; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.
- “burning duration (s): 14.4” · score 14.4 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16628; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.
- “burnt biomass (%): 4.7” · score 4.7 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 16629; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.
- “ignition frequency (%): 97” · score 97 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 19839; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-2; sampling ND. Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.51” · score 5.51 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 19840; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-2; sampling ND. Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.
- “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.26” · score 0.26 (FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 19841; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-2; sampling ND. Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.23” · score 1.23 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 19842; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-2; sampling ND. Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.
- “flame height (cm): 58” · score 58 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 19843; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-2; sampling ND. Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides

American sweetgum
Liquidambar styraciflua

Lombardy poplar
Populus nigra 'Italica'

Boxelder
Acer negundo

Thornless honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos

Oregon white oak
Quercus garryana

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · ITIS

Pinus pinea (Stone pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-pinea/. Last verified 2026-08-23.