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Italian stone pine

Pinus pinea · Pinaceae · all Pinus records · also called Stone pine · Wikipedia

Keep away. Condemned as highly flammable by direct fire evidence (The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation im…), with no recommendation on record. This status is computed from the cited evidence by the published rule, never hand-assigned. The page keeps its cited source rows visible for readers and separates each evidence channel from the computed result on this record.

▼ The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation im… · fire-tested ▼ Guía de pirojardinería ▼ Time to extinguish the exotic flame: Lessons from the 202… · fire-tested ◆ New Zealand's FENZ laboratory directory · fire-tested

Computed class: Highly flammable (consensus) — derived from the cited evidence by a published rule, never hand-assigned. Each chip above is one independent primary-evidence lineage and its direction. No plant is fireproof; condition and placement govern. Zone 0 is hardscape regardless.

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Pinus pinea anchors keep away recommendation. On pinus pinea, The ignition index is the next pinea fact. The banner is not the whole file — Pinus pinea. avoid does not replace The ignition index on pinus pinea.

On pinus pinea, Pinus pinea also carries Time to extinguish the for pinea. On pinus pinea, Pinus pinea also carries 1 ecological invasive for pinea. On pinus pinea, Pinus pinea also carries green test condition for pinea.

Use evidence on pinus pinea for pinea. The citations remain on Pinus pinea for pinea. On pinus pinea, pinea holds avoid beside The ignition index in the pinus pinea table for Pinus pinea.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Form: tree
Rated in: Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global +3
Uses: ornamental

On this lot

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context
Placement evidence: 4 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Greece; New Zealand; Turkey
Maintenance

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in CA.
Native range
Introduced / established
USDA hardiness

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status
Seed-list status
Reported invasive here: 1 ecological invasive report.
Broader regional context
Federal context

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

green: The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI evidence row

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Guía de pirojardinería: not suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone [girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability] (with its avoid rating)
Time to extinguish the exotic flame: Lessons from the 202…: Urban zone; Table 1 and deposited raw workbook [macalister-2025-leaf-flammability] (with its avoid rating)
Κανονισμός Πυροπροστασίας Ακινήτων εντός ή πλησίον δασικώ…: section 5.4.2, Table 2δi [greece-2023-particularly-flammable] (with its avoid rating)
Yanan Orman Alanlarının Rehabilitasyonu ve Yangına Direnç…: Temel prensipler; Yangın önleyici tesisler [yardop-6976-operational-fire-resistant-planting] (with its recommendation)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (4)

The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI — Landscape and Urban Planning (Molina, Martín, Rodríguez y Silva & Herrera) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: molina-uco-tree

“Very flammable (Valette 4)” · score 4 (valette-0-5-live-leaf) · condition: green

Table 2 reports 137.74% foliar moisture, 13.82 s mean time to ignition, and 15.92 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.
Guía de pirojardinería — guía práctica de jardinería adaptada a la prevención de incendios forestales — Diputació de Girona and Bombers de la Generalitat de Catalunya · 2020 Spanish edition · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: elvira-hernando-1989 + cooperem-tree

“MUY DESACONSEJADA”

Pinus pinea is rated “MUY DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.
Time to extinguish the exotic flame: Lessons from the 2021 Cape Town fire — South African Journal of Botany / University of Cape Town · South African Journal of Botany 184:1163-1173 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: independent (UCT post-Table-Mountain-fire study)

“wildfire hazard”

Official-workbook means across 50 leaf trials: fresh ignition 6.689 s, fresh sustainability 33.54 s, dry ignition 1.845 s, dry sustainability 14.001 s, and combustibility 8.312 mg DW s-1. Published Table 1 observation for the 2021 fire: Partially burned. The discussion explicitly calls the species a wildfire hazard because abundant leaf litter is highly consumable despite low individual-leaf combustibility.

Corroboration (1 rows from 1 source)

Κανονισμός Πυροπροστασίας Ακινήτων εντός ή πλησίον δασικών εκτάσεων — Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy · FEK B 3475/2023 · original source Corroboration Regulation

“ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Pinus pinea”

The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Low Flammability Plants directory — Fire and Emergency New Zealand (plant flammability testing at Lincoln University) · 2026 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: lincoln-nz-tree

“Moderate flammability”

Moderate flammability classification.

Listed without a rating (64)

Corroboration (64 rows from 1 source)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

64 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.
  
  Shared row context: plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND.
  - “ignition frequency (%): 100”
    
    FLAMITS record 1460; Ignitability measurement.
  - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 495”
    
    FLAMITS record 1654; Combustibility measurement.
  - “burning duration (s): 28”
    
    FLAMITS record 1848; Sustainability measurement.
  - “estimated burnt biomass (%): 15”
    
    FLAMITS record 2042; Consumability measurement.
- Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 33.97”
      
      FLAMITS record 2984.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 247.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 3004.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4021.27”
    
    FLAMITS record 2994; Combustibility measurement.
- Primary study Essaghi2017: Essaghi, S., Hachmi, M. H., Yessef, M., Dehhaoui, M., & El Amarty, F. (2017). Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. Forests, 8, 443.
  
  Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Essaghi2017-1; sampling january.
  - “flammability value: 8.45”
    
    FLAMITS record 3312.
  - “flammability value: 14.82”
    
    FLAMITS record 3325.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4891.56”
  
  FLAMITS record 3927; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.
- Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 5.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 4650.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 50”
      
      FLAMITS record 4673.
    - “time to flaming (s): 5.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 4681.
  - “flame height (cm): 43”
    
    FLAMITS record 4656; Combustibility measurement.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.26”
      
      FLAMITS record 4663.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.26”
      
      FLAMITS record 4689.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 93”
    
    FLAMITS record 4695; Consumability measurement.
- Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
  
  Shared row context: predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 375”
      
      FLAMITS record 7292.
    - “total heat release (MJ/m²): 19.65”
      
      FLAMITS record 7298.
    - “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 7316.
  - “time to flaming (s): 6”
    
    FLAMITS record 7304; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead.
  - “flaming duration (s): 68”
    
    FLAMITS record 7310; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead.
  - “flaming duration (s): 81”
    
    FLAMITS record 7337; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 331”
      
      FLAMITS record 7357.
    - “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 7397.
    - “total heat release (MJ/m²): 12.81”
      
      FLAMITS record 7417.
  - “time to flaming (s): 9”
    
    FLAMITS record 7377; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live.
- Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
  
  Shared row context: predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-5.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; sampling july.
    - “time to flaming (s): 23”
      
      FLAMITS record 7748.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 96”
      
      FLAMITS record 8147.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; sampling october.
    - “time to flaming (s): 60”
      
      FLAMITS record 7749.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 68”
      
      FLAMITS record 8148.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part cones; fuel dead; sampling november.
    - “time to flaming (s): 38”
      
      FLAMITS record 7750.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 8”
      
      FLAMITS record 8149.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; sampling april.
    - “time to flaming (s): 22”
      
      FLAMITS record 7751.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 100”
      
      FLAMITS record 8150.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; sampling june.
    - “time to flaming (s): 21”
      
      FLAMITS record 7752.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 100”
      
      FLAMITS record 8151.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; sampling july.
    - “time to flaming (s): 20”
      
      FLAMITS record 7753.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 100”
      
      FLAMITS record 8152.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; sampling october.
    - “time to flaming (s): 50”
      
      FLAMITS record 7754.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 95”
      
      FLAMITS record 8153.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; sampling ND.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4805”
      
      FLAMITS record 7906.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4878”
      
      FLAMITS record 7907.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; sampling ND.
    - “flammability value: 1”
      
      FLAMITS record 7956.
    - “flammability value: 3”
      
      FLAMITS record 7957.
- Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 13.82”
      
      FLAMITS record 9304.
    - “flammability value: 4”
      
      FLAMITS record 9340.
  - “flaming duration (s): 15.93”
    
    FLAMITS record 9322; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 17.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 9362.
    - “flammability value: 1.49”
      
      FLAMITS record 9404.
  - “flaming duration (s): 9.91”
    
    FLAMITS record 9376; Sustainability measurement.
  - “flame height (cm): 10.75”
    
    FLAMITS record 9390; Combustibility measurement.
- Primary study Ormeno2009: Ormeno, E., Cespedes, B., Sanchez, I.A., Velasco-Garcia, A., Moreno, J.M., Fernandez, C., & Baldy, V. (2009). The relationship between terpenes and flammability of leaf litter. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 471-482.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ormeno2009-5; sampling june.
  - “time to flaming (s): 3.16”
    
    FLAMITS record 9894; Ignitability measurement.
  - “burning duration (s): 14.63”
    
    FLAMITS record 9900; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 329.6”
      
      FLAMITS record 16625.
    - “time to flaming (s): 27.6”
      
      FLAMITS record 16626.
  - “flame height (cm): 52”
    
    FLAMITS record 16627; Combustibility measurement.
  - “burning duration (s): 14.4”
    
    FLAMITS record 16628; Sustainability measurement.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 4.7”
    
    FLAMITS record 16629; Consumability measurement.
- Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-2; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 97”
      
      FLAMITS record 19839.
    - “time to flaming (s): 5.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 19840.
  - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.26”
    
    FLAMITS record 19841; Sustainability measurement.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.
    - “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.23”
      
      FLAMITS record 19842.
    - “flame height (cm): 58”
      
      FLAMITS record 19843.

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Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · Wikipedia · ITIS

Pinus pinea (Stone pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-pinea/. Last verified 2026-08-23.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

2. Why this plant is relevant here

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Conditions in the fire evidence

Where its sources say to plant it

The evidence

Recommends (1)

Avoids (4)

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Related plants

Fire-resistant trees instead