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Quercus variabilis

Quercus variabilis · Fagaceae · all Quercus records

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1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: No test or rating condition is normalized.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 0 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Global
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: No state distribution is normalized.
Native range: No current cited or legacy state native range is normalized.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: No hardiness value is normalized.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: No ecological invasive report is normalized; that does not prove noninvasiveness.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Form: tree
Region: China; Korea
Rated in: Global
Family: Fagaceae
Evidence: 108 cited sources

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Listed without a rating (108)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

108 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 650” · score 650 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6265; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2830.08” · score 2830.08 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 6266; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 325” · score 325 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6275; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 15.67” · score 15.67 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6312; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 13.29” · score 13.29 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6313; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.61” · score 12.61 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6314; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.96” · score 11.96 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6315; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.88” · score 10.88 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6316; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.11” · score 10.11 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6317; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 10.01” · score 10.01 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6318; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 9.12” · score 9.12 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6319; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 8.35” · score 8.35 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6320; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.49” · score 6.49 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6321; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.03” · score 6.03 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6322; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.09” · score 5.09 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6323; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6324; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.53” · score 3.53 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6325; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.09” · score 3.09 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6326; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.72” · score 2.72 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6327; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.29” · score 2.29 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6328; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 625” · score 625 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6391; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2708.03” · score 2708.03 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 6392; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 288” · score 288 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6400; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 11.66” · score 11.66 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6457; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 9.13” · score 9.13 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6458; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 7.41” · score 7.41 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6459; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.28” · score 6.28 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6460; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.96” · score 5.96 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6461; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.12” · score 5.12 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6462; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.77” · score 4.77 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6463; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.49” · score 4.49 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6464; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.37” · score 4.37 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6465; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.18” · score 4.18 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6466; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.08” · score 4.08 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6467; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.9” · score 3.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6468; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.83” · score 3.83 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6469; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.64” · score 3.64 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6470; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.61” · score 3.61 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6471; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.58” · score 3.58 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6472; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.47” · score 3.47 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6473; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “burnt biomass (%): 95.5” · score 95.5 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 6514; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “burnt biomass (%): 76.54” · score 76.54 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 6515; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 268” · score 268 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10207; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 98.4” · score 98.4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10208; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 62.8” · score 62.8 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10209; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 45” · score 45 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10210; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 27.9” · score 27.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10211; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 17.9” · score 17.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10212; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 7.9” · score 7.9 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10213; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.5” · score 3.5 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10214; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 294.54” · score 294.54 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10215; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 299.9” · score 299.9 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10216; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 289.08” · score 289.08 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10217; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 297.45” · score 297.45 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10218; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 286” · score 286 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10219; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 247.52” · score 247.52 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10220; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 200.58” · score 200.58 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10221; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 177.59” · score 177.59 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10222; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.07” · score 0.07 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10239; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.07” · score 0.07 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10240; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.08” · score 0.08 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10241; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.09” · score 0.09 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10242; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.1” · score 0.1 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10243; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13” · score 0.13 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10244; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.12” · score 0.12 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10245; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.15” · score 0.15 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10246; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Park2007-1; sampling ND. Primary study Park2007: Park, Y.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Sin, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-T., & Lee, H.-P. (2007). The ignition characteristics of dead leaves and living leaves of various trees in Young Dong Forest areas. Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference.
- “time to flaming (s): 27” · score 27 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10287; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to flaming (s): 47” · score 47 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10288; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to flaming (s): 35” · score 35 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10289; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to flaming (s): 40” · score 40 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10290; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “flaming duration (s): 80” · score 80 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10291; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “flaming duration (s): 99” · score 99 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10292; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “flaming duration (s): 140” · score 140 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10293; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “flaming duration (s): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10294; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 377” · score 377 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10295; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling june. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 312” · score 312 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10296; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 310” · score 310 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10297; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 310” · score 310 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10298; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 290” · score 290 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 10299; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 19.2” · score 19.2 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10300; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling june. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 25.8” · score 25.8 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10301; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 24.4” · score 24.4 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10302; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 36.3” · score 36.3 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10303; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total heat release (MJ/m²): 26.6” · score 26.6 (FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10304; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 10.59” · score 10.59 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10305; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling june. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 14.33” · score 14.33 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10306; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 13.56” · score 13.56 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10307; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 18.67” · score 18.67 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10308; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 14.77” · score 14.77 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10309; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total smoke release (m²/m²): 68.8” · score 68.8 (FLAMITS — total smoke release (m²/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10310; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling june. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total smoke release (m²/m²): 242.2” · score 242.2 (FLAMITS — total smoke release (m²/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10311; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total smoke release (m²/m²): 283.5” · score 283.5 (FLAMITS — total smoke release (m²/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10312; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total smoke release (m²/m²): 166.2” · score 166.2 (FLAMITS — total smoke release (m²/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10313; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “total smoke release (m²/m²): 315.6” · score 315.6 (FLAMITS — total smoke release (m²/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 10314; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to maximum smoke density (s): 794” · score 794 (FLAMITS — time to maximum smoke density (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10315; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling july. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to maximum smoke density (s): 1039” · score 1039 (FLAMITS — time to maximum smoke density (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10316; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling august. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to maximum smoke density (s): 1101” · score 1101 (FLAMITS — time to maximum smoke density (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10317; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling september. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “time to maximum smoke density (s): 1043” · score 1043 (FLAMITS — time to maximum smoke density (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 10318; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Park2010a-1; sampling october. Primary study Park2010a: Park, Y.-J., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., & Lee, H.-P. (2010a). The Characteristics of Combustion for Living Leaves in Quercus variabilis with Monthly Seasonal Variations. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 10, 85-90.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 397.09” · score 397.09 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12367; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 361.34” · score 361.34 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12368; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 333.13” · score 333.13 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12369; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 277.2” · score 277.2 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12370; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 240.18” · score 240.18 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12371; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 205.68” · score 205.68 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12372; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “burning duration (s): 196.37” · score 196.37 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12376; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “burning duration (s): 219.3” · score 219.3 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12377; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “burning duration (s): 233.94” · score 233.94 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 12378; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Seo2010-1; sampling summer and autumn. Primary study Seo2010: Seo, H.-S., & Choung, Y.-S. (2010). Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 33, 343-349.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5321.24” · score 5321.24 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 13730; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Wang2009-1; sampling november. Primary study Wang2009: Wang, X., Niu, S., & Kan, Z. (2009). Properties and flammability of major tree species in the Beijing area. Frontiers of Forestry in China, 4, 304-308.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Post oak
Quercus stellata

Red oak
Quercus rubra

Gambel Oak
Quercus gambelii

Basswood
Tilia americana

Oak
Quercus spp.

Dahurian larch
Larix gmelinii

Last verified 2026-08-25. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF ·

Quercus variabilis (Quercus variabilis). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/quercus-variabilis/. Last verified 2026-08-25.