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Korean pine

Pinus koraiensis · Pinaceae · all Pinus records

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Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

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1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 0 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Global; Northeast China
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: No state distribution is normalized.
Native range: No current cited or legacy state native range is normalized.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: No hardiness value is normalized.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: No ecological invasive report is normalized; that does not prove noninvasiveness.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) — Photo: (c) Simone Littledale, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
Region: China; Korea
Rated in: Global; Northeast China
Family: Pinaceae
Evidence: 45 cited sources

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

cured: Ordering and sorting of fire resistance of tree leaves evidence row

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (1)

Ordering and sorting of fire resistance of tree leaves — Scientia Silvae Sinicae (Shan, Hu, Shu, Xu) · 2003 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: shan-nefu-tree

“Author-named worst fire resistance” · condition: cured

The authors place 红松 among the ten taxa with the worst fire resistance after factor analysis of six litter-leaf traits.

Source wording: “抗火性最不好”

Listed without a rating (44)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

44 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 675” · score 675 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6261; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3122.13” · score 3122.13 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 6262; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 320” · score 320 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6273; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 7.19” · score 7.19 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6278; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.93” · score 5.93 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6279; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.44” · score 5.44 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6280; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.21” · score 5.21 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6281; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.78” · score 4.78 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6282; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.16” · score 4.16 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6283; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.84” · score 3.84 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6284; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.09” · score 3.09 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6285; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.08” · score 3.08 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6286; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.84” · score 2.84 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6287; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.4” · score 2.4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6288; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.21” · score 2.21 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6289; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.19” · score 2.19 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6290; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.94” · score 1.94 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6291; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.83” · score 1.83 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6292; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.77” · score 1.77 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6293; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.58” · score 1.58 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6294; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 725” · score 725 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6387; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2621.65” · score 2621.65 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 6388; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 260” · score 260 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 6398; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.18” · score 6.18 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6423; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.54” · score 5.54 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6424; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.13” · score 5.13 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6425; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.36” · score 4.36 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6426; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.41” · score 4.41 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6427; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.19” · score 4.19 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6428; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.16” · score 4.16 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6429; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6430; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.45” · score 3.45 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6431; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.43” · score 3.43 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6432; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.06” · score 3.06 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6433; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.03” · score 3.03 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6434; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.01” · score 3.01 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6435; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.21” · score 2.21 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6436; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.18” · score 2.18 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6437; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.14” · score 2.14 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6438; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.57” · score 1.57 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 6439; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “burnt biomass (%): 95.84” · score 95.84 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 6510; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “burnt biomass (%): 73.94” · score 73.94 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 6511; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device thermal analyzer; site Lee2009-1; sampling april. Primary study Lee2009: Lee, H.-P., Lee, S.-Y., & Park, Y.-J. (2009). A study on thermal characteristics and ignitability of dead leaves and living leaves for main species of trees in Youngdong areas. Fire Science and Engineering, 23, 21-32.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 228” · score 228 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 12528; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device ignition temperature tester; site Shan2008-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shan2008: Shan, Y., Liu, N., & Shu, L. (2008). Flammability ranking of foliage species by factor analysis of physical and chemical pyric properties. Fire and Materials: An International Journal, 32, 371-382.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5494.74” · score 5494.74 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 12529; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Shan2008-1; sampling ND. Primary study Shan2008: Shan, Y., Liu, N., & Shu, L. (2008). Flammability ranking of foliage species by factor analysis of physical and chemical pyric properties. Fire and Materials: An International Journal, 32, 371-382.

Fire-resistant trees instead

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Quercus stellata

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Quercus gambelii

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Tilia americana

Oak
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Dahurian larch
Larix gmelinii

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-24. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF ·

Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-koraiensis/. Last verified 2026-08-24.