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Japanese black pine

Pinus thunbergiana (accepted: Pinus thunbergii) · Pinaceae · all Pinus records

Your local evidence lens

Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: No test or rating condition is normalized.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 3 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Global; Japan; Ohio / Midwest; Virginia / Mid-Atlantic; eastern US
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

Typed publication scope: 2 scopes across 2 cited fire sources

Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921) · Official scoped edition
- OH; partial normalized coverage · 2006-03-01
  Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.
Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300) · Official scoped edition
- VA; partial normalized coverage · 2009-04-15
  Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in CT, DC, DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, VA, WV.
Native range: No current cited or legacy state native range is normalized.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: Documented minimum 6b; no upper limit is documented.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: 1 legal-list record; set a location to match exact scope.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: 1 ecological invasive report; set a location to distinguish exact from regional context.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergiana) — Photo: no rights reserved (CC0), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
USDA hardiness: Minimum 6b; upper limit not documented
Mature height: ~30 ft
Light: Full sun
Water need: moderate
Grows in: CT, DC, DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY +5
Rated in: Global; Japan; Ohio / Midwest; Virginia / Mid-Atlantic +1
Family: Pinaceae
Evidence: 40 cited sources

Plant hardiness evidence

These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector · record pinus-thunbergiana · 2016-wayback · as of 2026-08-26

Source prints 5 · single-value meaning unresolved · whole zone precision · source stated

Source taxon: Pinus thunbergiana · exact match.

Source location: Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record.

Not used for comparison: The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.
USDA PLANTS Database — Plant Characteristics · record PITH2 · PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23 · as of 2026-08-26

Minimum 6b · no upper limit documented · half zone precision · derived containing band

Exact source measurement: -3°F; mapped only to its containing half-zone.

Source taxon: Pinus thunbergiana · source identifier match.

Source location: PlantCharacteristics record 15578, Temperature, Minimum (°F).

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector: Landscape Zone 3 — 10–30 ft from the structure; thin vegetation, remove debris, and minimize plant massing [Fire Performance Plant Selector landscape zone] (with its avoid rating)
Firewise Landscaping: keep 30 ft from the home (Zone 3) [OSU B921 source-category siting] (with its avoid rating)
Tree fire-protection classification in Hito to Shinrin: クロマツ — Table 10-2 [tadaki-kira-1982-fire-protection-power] (with its avoid rating)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (4)

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector — USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area S&PF + state Firewise programs (WV, OH, PA, DE, DC, MD, NJ) · 2016-wayback · original source Primary evidence Keyed curation lineage: ufifas-srs-tree

“NOT Firewise (4)”

Tree always grows crooked.
Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921) — Ohio State University Extension (Sydnor, Steward, Kloss / Ohio DNR Division of Forestry) · 2006 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: ufifas-srs-tree

“H flammability”

Tolerates salt spray; sandy soils; cold sensitive; urban tolerant.
Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300) — Virginia Cooperative Extension / Virginia Tech (Appleton, Frenzel, Hillegass, Lyons, Steward — Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force) · 2009 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: ufifas-srs-tree

“H flammability”

Tolerates salt spray, sandy soils.
Tree fire-protection classification in Hito to Shinrin (人と森林) — Kyoritsu Shuppan; table reproduced by Kagoshima Prefecture · Hito to Shinrin (1982), Table 10-2; Kagoshima web reproduction · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: independent (root of Japanese municipal fire-protection tree lists)

“防火には不適” · score 0 (tadaki-kira-fire-protection-power-0-3)

Table 10-2 prints クロマツ in the unsuitable fire-protection-power class. The Kagoshima reproduction says highly fire-protective trees can slow spread, promote upward dispersal of heat and smoke, and intercept flying embers.

Listed without a rating (36)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

36 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.36” · score 1.36 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17644; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.23” · score 3.23 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17645; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 5.02” · score 5.02 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17646; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.84” · score 6.84 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17647; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 70.81” · score 70.81 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17648; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 187.73” · score 187.73 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17649; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 248.33” · score 248.33 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17650; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 351” · score 351 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17651; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 386.42” · score 386.42 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17652; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “time to flaming (s): 503.72” · score 503.72 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 17653; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 944.17” · score 944.17 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17654; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 1017.86” · score 1017.86 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17655; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 1014.4” · score 1014.4 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17656; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 750.55” · score 750.55 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17657; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 756.54” · score 756.54 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17658; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 675.31” · score 675.31 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17659; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 566.83” · score 566.83 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17660; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 427.89” · score 427.89 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17661; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 629.2” · score 629.2 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17662; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 825.7” · score 825.7 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17663; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 820.82” · score 820.82 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17664; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 617.13” · score 617.13 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17665; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 466.35” · score 466.35 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17666; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 352.74” · score 352.74 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17667; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 275.03” · score 275.03 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17668; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 217.5” · score 217.5 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17669; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 742.98” · score 742.98 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17670; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 826.76” · score 826.76 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17671; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 966.62” · score 966.62 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17672; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 774.27” · score 774.27 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17673; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 572.69” · score 572.69 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17674; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 470.75” · score 470.75 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17675; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 371.11” · score 371.11 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17676; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 296.06” · score 296.06 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 17677; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 3748.
- “time to flaming (s): 16” · score 16 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 18700; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tian2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tian2003: Tian, X., Shu, L., & Zhang, X. (2003). Study on the influence of microstructure of trees twig and leaf on combustibility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39, 8488.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 26” · score 26 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 18710; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tian2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tian2003: Tian, X., Shu, L., & Zhang, X. (2003). Study on the influence of microstructure of trees twig and leaf on combustibility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39, 8488.

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Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · ITIS

Pinus thunbergiana (Japanese black pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-thunbergiana/. Last verified 2026-08-23.