{"id":"pinus-thunbergiana","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Pinus thunbergiana","commonNames":["Japanese black pine"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Pinus thunbergii","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"PITH2","gbifKey":5285799,"itisTsn":183390,"wikidataQid":"Q854884","inatTaxonId":135655},"usdaZoneMin":"5a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["CT","DC","DE","MA","MD","NC","NJ","NY","OH","PA","SC","VA","WV"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"regulated","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"]},"authority":"Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources","source":"massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list-2026-05","sourceRecordId":"massachusetts:076:pinus-thunbergii","sourceVersion":"Massachusetts-Prohibited-Plant-List-May-2026","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus thunbergii","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Massachusetts Prohibited Plant List","label":"Current prohibited-list restriction with operating conditions"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list","https://www.mass.gov/files/csv/2026-05/prohibitedplantlistMay2026.csv"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Limited exceptions apply to bonsai growers; contact MDAR for details.","sourceUrl":"https://www.mass.gov/files/csv/2026-05/prohibitedplantlistMay2026.csv"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa","exceptionReview":"not-applicable","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the official page applies the list to cultivars, varieties, and hybrids, while FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; activity, timing, operator, and permit conditions are modeled separately from taxonomic scope"}},{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9841","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus thunbergii","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021drc), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PITH2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-thunbergiana","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"6b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-3,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PITH2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15578, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":30,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/pinus-thunbergiana.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/606557696","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/334058203","license":"cc0","attribution":"no rights reserved","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Tree always grows crooked.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Tolerates salt spray; sandy soils; cold sensitive; urban tolerant.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"keep 30 ft from the home (Zone 3)","scheme":"b921-siting"},"edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Tolerates salt spray, sandy soils.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"tadaki-kira-fire-classification","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"防火には不適","score":{"value":0,"scale":"tadaki-kira-fire-protection-power-0-3"},"claims":"Table 10-2 prints クロマツ in the unsuitable fire-protection-power class. The Kagoshima reproduction says highly fire-protective trees can slow spread, promote upward dispersal of heat and smoke, and intercept flying embers.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"クロマツ — Table 10-2","scheme":"tadaki-kira-1982-fire-protection-power"},"edition":"Hito to Shinrin (1982), Table 10-2; Kagoshima web reproduction","url":"https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ah12/kurashi-kankyo/sumai/kankyo/hoshin3/theme10/273.html","documentDate":"1982-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.36","score":{"value":1.36,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17644; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 3.23","score":{"value":3.23,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17645; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 5.02","score":{"value":5.02,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17646; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 6.84","score":{"value":6.84,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17647; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 70.81","score":{"value":70.81,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17648; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 187.73","score":{"value":187.73,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17649; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 248.33","score":{"value":248.33,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17650; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 351","score":{"value":351,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17651; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 386.42","score":{"value":386.42,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17652; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 503.72","score":{"value":503.72,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17653; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Wang2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Wang2017: Wang, S., Huang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, N. (2017). Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 26, 71.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Wang2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 944.17","score":{"value":944.17,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17654; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 1017.86","score":{"value":1017.86,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17655; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 1014.4","score":{"value":1014.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17656; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 750.55","score":{"value":750.55,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17657; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 756.54","score":{"value":756.54,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17658; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 675.31","score":{"value":675.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17659; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 566.83","score":{"value":566.83,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17660; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 427.89","score":{"value":427.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17661; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 629.2","score":{"value":629.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17662; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 825.7","score":{"value":825.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17663; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 820.82","score":{"value":820.82,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17664; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 617.13","score":{"value":617.13,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17665; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 466.35","score":{"value":466.35,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17666; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 352.74","score":{"value":352.74,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17667; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 275.03","score":{"value":275.03,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17668; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 217.5","score":{"value":217.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17669; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 742.98","score":{"value":742.98,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17670; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 826.76","score":{"value":826.76,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17671; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 966.62","score":{"value":966.62,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17672; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 774.27","score":{"value":774.27,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17673; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 572.69","score":{"value":572.69,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17674; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 470.75","score":{"value":470.75,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17675; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 371.11","score":{"value":371.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17676; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 296.06","score":{"value":296.06,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17677; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Marcelli2004-1; sampling ND. Primary study Marcelli2004: Marcelli, T., Santoni, P.A., Simeoni, A., Leoni, E., & Porterie, B. (2004). Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distribution within the fire plume. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 13, 37–48.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Marcelli2004","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 16","score":{"value":16,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18700; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tian2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tian2003: Tian, X., Shu, L., & Zhang, X. (2003). Study on the influence of microstructure of tree’s twig and leaf on combustibility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39, 84–88.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tian2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 26","score":{"value":26,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18710; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tian2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tian2003: Tian, X., Shu, L., & Zhang, X. (2003). Study on the influence of microstructure of tree’s twig and leaf on combustibility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39, 84–88.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tian2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CT","DC","DE","MA","MD","NC","NJ","NY","OH","PA","SC","VA","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT","DC","DE","MA","MD","NC","NJ","NY","OH","PA","SC","VA","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"5a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-thunbergiana","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"6b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-3,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PITH2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15578, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"6b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-3,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PITH2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15578, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-thunbergiana","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"6b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-3,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PITH2","sourceTaxon":"Pinus thunbergiana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15578, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"regulated","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"]},"authority":"Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources","source":"massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list-2026-05","sourceRecordId":"massachusetts:076:pinus-thunbergii","sourceVersion":"Massachusetts-Prohibited-Plant-List-May-2026","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus thunbergii","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Massachusetts Prohibited Plant List","label":"Current prohibited-list restriction with operating conditions"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list","https://www.mass.gov/files/csv/2026-05/prohibitedplantlistMay2026.csv"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Limited exceptions apply to bonsai growers; contact MDAR for details.","sourceUrl":"https://www.mass.gov/files/csv/2026-05/prohibitedplantlistMay2026.csv"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa","exceptionReview":"not-applicable","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the official page applies the list to cultivars, varieties, and hybrids, while FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; activity, timing, operator, and permit conditions are modeled separately from taxonomic scope"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9841","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus thunbergii","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021drc), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PITH2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"MA","status":"noxious-listed","source":"massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list-2026-05"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"6b"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}