aleppo pine

Pinus halepensis · Pinaceae · all Pinus records · Wikipedia

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Aleppo pine is not fire resistant; all six assessments treat it as highly flammable or unsuitable near structures.

Laboratory results from Mediterranean France, southern Spain, and western Algeria point the same way. INRA’s monthly testing gave Aleppo pine a fire-season maximum of 4 on its zero-to-five scale, within the range marked for avoidance. A Córdoba study placed it at 5, or extremely flammable, after 200 live-leaf tests showed a mean ignition time of 8.4 seconds and a mean flame duration of 14.7 seconds. Other Algerian testing classified it as highly flammable across fresh and dried fuel analysis, while a separate study assigned it note 3 for high flammability.

The practical guidance is equally blunt. The Generalitat Valenciana names Aleppo pine among the most flammable species and says it accumulates dry material. Girona’s provincial government and Catalonia’s fire service rate it “muy desaconsejada,” meaning strongly discouraged, under a garden-suitability method that assumes species-specific care. Fire research and fire-service experience inform that judgment, as do fuel structure, maintenance, origin, and invasiveness. Aleppo pine has also been flagged as invasive in one jurisdiction.

These findings cover both ignition testing and landscape judgment, and none offers a fire-resistant reading. For a homeowner choosing vegetation near a building, Aleppo pine belongs away from structures rather than in the defensible space immediately around them.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Form: tree
Rated in: Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Greece +4

On this lot

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context
Placement evidence: 3 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Greece; Mediterranean France / Provence; Tlemcen Mountains, western Algeria; Tlemcen, western Algeria; Valencia, Spain / western Mediterranean
Maintenance

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in CA.
Native range
Introduced / established
USDA hardiness

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status
Seed-list status
Reported invasive here: 1 ecological invasive report.
Broader regional context
Federal context

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

green: The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI evidence row, The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria) evidence row

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Guía de pirojardinería: not suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone [girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability] (with its avoid rating)
The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the a…: Table 1 [henaoui-2013-fresh-material-flammability] (with its avoid rating)
Κανονισμός Πυροπροστασίας Ακινήτων εντός ή πλησίον δασικώ…: section 5.4.2, Table 2δi [greece-2023-particularly-flammable] (with its avoid rating)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (7)

Inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes (Valette 1990) — INRA Station de Sylviculture méditerranéenne, Avignon (Revue Forestière Française XLII) · 1990 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: inra-tree

“INRA inflammability note 4 of 5 (July-September maximum)” · score 4 (inra-0-5)

Monthly inflammability notes May-April: 0, 1, 3, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 (epiradiator tests, INRA Avignon).

Source wording: “hautement inflammable”
Jardinería de baja inflamabilidad para las zonas de interfaz urbano-forestal — Generalitat Valenciana · 2019 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated

“named among the most flammable species”

Named in the guide's flammable-species warning: pino carrasco — accumulates dry material.

Source wording: “las especies más inflamables”
Flammability of some companion species in cork oak forests — Annals of Forest Science (Dehane, Hernando, Guijarro & Madrigal) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: inia-madrid-tree

“Author-named highly flammable group”

The abstract identifies this species as highly flammable from its combustibility and sustainability across fresh and dried-fuel analysis.
The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI — Landscape and Urban Planning (Molina, Martín, Rodríguez y Silva & Herrera) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: molina-uco-tree

“Extremely flammable (Valette 5)” · score 5 (valette-0-5-live-leaf) · condition: green

Table 2 reports 107.14% foliar moisture, 8.4 s mean time to ignition, and 14.7 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.
Guía de pirojardinería — guía práctica de jardinería adaptada a la prevención de incendios forestales — Diputació de Girona and Bombers de la Generalitat de Catalunya · 2020 Spanish edition · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: elvira-hernando-1989 + cooperem-tree

“MUY DESACONSEJADA”

Pinus halepensis is rated “MUY DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.
The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria) — European Scientific Journal · European Scientific Journal 9(29) · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: valette-1990

“High flammability — note 3” · score 3 (henaoui-2013-flammability-note-1-3) · condition: green · original source

Table 1 classifies Pinus halepensis at flammability note 3; the paper prints its stratum as Tree.

Corroboration (1 rows from 1 source)

Κανονισμός Πυροπροστασίας Ακινήτων εντός ή πλησίον δασικών εκτάσεων — Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy · FEK B 3475/2023 · original source Corroboration Regulation

“ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Pinus halepensis”

The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.

Listed without a rating (680)

Corroboration (680 rows from 1 source)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

680 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- Primary study Alessio2008a: Alessio, G. A., Peñuelas, J., De Lillis, M., & Llusià, J. (2008). Implications of foliar terpene content and hydration on leaf flammability of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis. Plant Biology, 10, 123-128.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Alessio2008b-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 141.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 71.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 371.67”
      
      FLAMITS record 72.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 485.44”
      
      FLAMITS record 73.
    - “time to smoke (s): 145.74”
      
      FLAMITS record 74.
    - “time to flaming (s): 421.81”
      
      FLAMITS record 76.
  - “smouldering duration (s): 350.69”
    
    FLAMITS record 75; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Alessio2008b: Alessio, G. A., Peñuelas, J., Llusià, J., Ogaya, R., Estiarte, M., & De Lillis, M. (2008). Influence of water and terpenes on flammability in some dominant Mediterranean species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 274.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Alessio2008a-1.
  - “smouldering duration (s): 449.8”
    
    FLAMITS record 180; Sustainability measurement; sampling november.
  - “smouldering duration (s): 349.67”
    
    FLAMITS record 181; Sustainability measurement; sampling february.
  - “smouldering duration (s): 310.11”
    
    FLAMITS record 182; Sustainability measurement; sampling may.
  - “smouldering duration (s): 352.54”
    
    FLAMITS record 183; Sustainability measurement; sampling june.
  - “smouldering duration (s): 355.09”
    
    FLAMITS record 184; Sustainability measurement; sampling august.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling november.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 376.32”
      
      FLAMITS record 200.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 149.26”
      
      FLAMITS record 225.
    - “time to smoke (s): 143.84”
      
      FLAMITS record 250.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling february.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 378.39”
      
      FLAMITS record 201.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 145.27”
      
      FLAMITS record 226.
    - “time to smoke (s): 101.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 251.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling may.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 218.57”
      
      FLAMITS record 202.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 107.83”
      
      FLAMITS record 227.
    - “time to smoke (s): 75.05”
      
      FLAMITS record 252.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling june.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 371.61”
      
      FLAMITS record 203.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 154.44”
      
      FLAMITS record 228.
    - “time to smoke (s): 112.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 253.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling august.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 353.17”
      
      FLAMITS record 204.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 151.77”
      
      FLAMITS record 229.
    - “time to smoke (s): 96.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 254.
- Primary study Bartoli2011: Bartoli, P., Simeoni, A., Biteau, H., Torero, J. L., & Santoni, P. A. (2011). Determination of the main parameters influencing forest fuel combustion dynamics. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 27-33.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Bartoli2011-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4367.59”
      
      FLAMITS record 424.
    - “energy release rate (kW): 3.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 432.
    - “energy release rate (kW): 4.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 435.
  - “flaming duration (s): 121.38”
    
    FLAMITS record 427; Sustainability measurement.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 58.13”
      
      FLAMITS record 430.
    - “time to flaming (s): 141.7”
      
      FLAMITS record 431.
- Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september.
  - “time to flaming (s): 6.6”
    
    FLAMITS record 2293; Ignitability measurement; predrying yes.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying yes.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3379.66”
      
      FLAMITS record 2303.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 311.07”
      
      FLAMITS record 2313.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 94.4”
    
    FLAMITS record 2323; Consumability measurement; predrying yes.
  - “time to flaming (s): 86”
    
    FLAMITS record 2333; Ignitability measurement; predrying no.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying no.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 401.17”
      
      FLAMITS record 2343.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 162.17”
      
      FLAMITS record 2353.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 96.21”
    
    FLAMITS record 2363; Consumability measurement; predrying no.
- Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
  
  Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september.
  - “temperature at flaming (°C): 402.37”
    
    FLAMITS record 2374.
  - “temperature at flaming (°C): 397.38”
    
    FLAMITS record 2375.
  - “temperature at flaming (°C): 399.4”
    
    FLAMITS record 2376.
  - “temperature at smoke (°C): 202.33”
    
    FLAMITS record 2396.
  - “temperature at smoke (°C): 195.01”
    
    FLAMITS record 2397.
  - “temperature at smoke (°C): 145.75”
    
    FLAMITS record 2398.
- Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 20.23”
      
      FLAMITS record 2978.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 206.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 2998.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4595.6”
    
    FLAMITS record 2988; Combustibility measurement.
- Primary study Doat1981: Doat, J., Valette, J. C., Askri, D., Caumartin, L., Bettachini, M., & Moro, M. (1981). Le pouvoir calorifique supérieur d'espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Annales des Sciences forestières, 38, 469-486.
  
  Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Doat1981-1; sampling ND.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5404”
    
    FLAMITS record 3031.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5419”
    
    FLAMITS record 3032.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5530”
    
    FLAMITS record 3033.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5510”
    
    FLAMITS record 3034.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5310”
    
    FLAMITS record 3035.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5295”
    
    FLAMITS record 3036.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5439”
    
    FLAMITS record 3037.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5464”
    
    FLAMITS record 3038.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5393”
    
    FLAMITS record 3039.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5393”
    
    FLAMITS record 3040.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5139”
    
    FLAMITS record 3041.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5129”
    
    FLAMITS record 3042.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5116”
    
    FLAMITS record 3043.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5115”
    
    FLAMITS record 3044.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5195”
    
    FLAMITS record 3045.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5185”
    
    FLAMITS record 3046.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5223”
    
    FLAMITS record 3047.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5198”
    
    FLAMITS record 3048.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5481”
    
    FLAMITS record 3049.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5510”
    
    FLAMITS record 3050.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5307”
    
    FLAMITS record 3051.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5147”
    
    FLAMITS record 3052.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5162”
    
    FLAMITS record 3053.
- Primary study Ganteaume2021a: Ganteaume, A., Romero, B., Fernandez, C., Ormeño, E., & Lecareux, C. (2021). Volatile and semi-volatile terpenes impact leaf flammability: differences according to the level of terpene identification. Chemoecology, 31, 259-275.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2021a-1; sampling january to februaty and april to may.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 3757.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 305.81”
      
      FLAMITS record 3769.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 538.09”
    
    FLAMITS record 3761; Combustibility measurement.
  - “flaming duration (s): 13.26”
    
    FLAMITS record 3765; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Ganteaume2021b: Ganteaume, A., Romero, B., Ormeño, E., Lecareux, C., & Fernandez, C. (2021). Does Seasonality of Leaf Terpene Content and Moisture Content Trigger Leaf Flammability Seasonal Variation? in review, preprint.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2021b-1.
  - “time to flaming (s): 12.4”
    
    FLAMITS record 3773; Ignitability measurement; sampling winter.
  - “time to flaming (s): 10.02”
    
    FLAMITS record 3774; Ignitability measurement; sampling spring.
  - “time to flaming (s): 12.8”
    
    FLAMITS record 3775; Ignitability measurement; sampling summer.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 519.44”
    
    FLAMITS record 3794; Combustibility measurement; sampling winter.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 553.12”
    
    FLAMITS record 3795; Combustibility measurement; sampling spring.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 555.03”
    
    FLAMITS record 3796; Combustibility measurement; sampling summer.
  - “flaming duration (s): 12.98”
    
    FLAMITS record 3806; Sustainability measurement; sampling winter.
  - “flaming duration (s): 12.27”
    
    FLAMITS record 3807; Sustainability measurement; sampling spring.
  - “flaming duration (s): 14.74”
    
    FLAMITS record 3808; Sustainability measurement; sampling summer.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5409.86”
  
  FLAMITS record 3929; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.
- Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 0.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 4648.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 45”
      
      FLAMITS record 4671.
    - “time to flaming (s): 4.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 4679.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.23”
      
      FLAMITS record 4661.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.23”
      
      FLAMITS record 4687.
- Primary study Hachmi2011: Hachmi, M. H., Sesbou, A., Benjelloun, H., El Handouz, N., & Bouanane, F. (2011). A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels. Journal of Combustion, 2011, 1-11.
  
  Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Hachmi2011-1; sampling ND.
  - “time to flaming (s): 8.2”
    
    FLAMITS record 4718; Ignitability measurement.
  - “flame height (cm): 12”
    
    FLAMITS record 4771; Combustibility measurement.
  - “burning duration (s): 14.3”
    
    FLAMITS record 4772; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Henaoui2013: Henaoui, S. E. -A., Bouazza, M., & Amara, M. (2013). The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria). European Scientific Journal, 9, 84-103.
  
  Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device infrared burner; site Henaoui2013-1; sampling spring.
  - “flame height (cm): 28.17”
    
    FLAMITS record 4891; Combustibility measurement.
  - “time to flaming (s): 50.98”
    
    FLAMITS record 4929; Ignitability measurement.
  - “burning duration (s): 109.85”
    
    FLAMITS record 4967; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; fuel all; predrying no.
    - “time to flaming (s): 13”
      
      FLAMITS record 5240.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5248.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; fuel all; predrying no.
    - “flaming duration (s): 32”
      
      FLAMITS record 5241.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16”
      
      FLAMITS record 5249.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; fuel all; predrying no.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 457”
      
      FLAMITS record 5242.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4780.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 5243.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 625”
      
      FLAMITS record 5250.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5019.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5251.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; fuel all; predrying yes.
    - “time to flaming (s): 11”
      
      FLAMITS record 5244.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5252.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; fuel all; predrying yes.
    - “flaming duration (s): 26”
      
      FLAMITS record 5245.
    - “flaming duration (s): 18”
      
      FLAMITS record 5253.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; fuel all; predrying yes.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 483”
      
      FLAMITS record 5246.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5019.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5247.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 682”
      
      FLAMITS record 5254.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5497.13”
      
      FLAMITS record 5255.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; fuel dead; predrying no.
    - “time to flaming (s): 11”
      
      FLAMITS record 5256.
    - “time to flaming (s): 13”
      
      FLAMITS record 5264.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; fuel dead; predrying no.
    - “flaming duration (s): 25”
      
      FLAMITS record 5257.
    - “flaming duration (s): 18”
      
      FLAMITS record 5265.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; fuel dead; predrying no.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 472”
      
      FLAMITS record 5258.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4780.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 5259.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 632”
      
      FLAMITS record 5266.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5019.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5267.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; fuel dead; predrying yes.
    - “time to flaming (s): 9”
      
      FLAMITS record 5260.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5268.
    - “time to flaming (s): 15.28”
      
      FLAMITS record 5272.
    - “time to flaming (s): 18.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 5273.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; fuel dead; predrying yes.
    - “flaming duration (s): 21”
      
      FLAMITS record 5261.
    - “flaming duration (s): 13”
      
      FLAMITS record 5269.
    - “flaming duration (s): 15.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5278.
    - “flaming duration (s): 6.86”
      
      FLAMITS record 5279.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; fuel dead; predrying yes.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 347”
      
      FLAMITS record 5262.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5019.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5263.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 457”
      
      FLAMITS record 5270.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5736.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 5271.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 233.69”
      
      FLAMITS record 5284.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 343.19”
      
      FLAMITS record 5285.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; fuel live; predrying no.
    - “time to flaming (s): 59”
      
      FLAMITS record 5308.
    - “time to flaming (s): 63”
      
      FLAMITS record 5316.
    - “time to flaming (s): 14.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5338.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 5339.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12.85”
      
      FLAMITS record 5340.
    - “time to flaming (s): 9.93”
      
      FLAMITS record 5341.
    - “time to flaming (s): 10.95”
      
      FLAMITS record 5342.
    - “time to flaming (s): 10.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 5343.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5344.
    - “time to flaming (s): 11.49”
      
      FLAMITS record 5345.
    - “time to flaming (s): 13.32”
      
      FLAMITS record 5346.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; fuel live; predrying no.
    - “flaming duration (s): 30”
      
      FLAMITS record 5309.
    - “flaming duration (s): 34”
      
      FLAMITS record 5317.
    - “flaming duration (s): 8.26”
      
      FLAMITS record 5351.
    - “flaming duration (s): 14.09”
      
      FLAMITS record 5352.
    - “flaming duration (s): 25.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 5353.
    - “flaming duration (s): 42.16”
      
      FLAMITS record 5354.
    - “flaming duration (s): 49.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 5355.
    - “flaming duration (s): 56.36”
      
      FLAMITS record 5356.
    - “flaming duration (s): 88.09”
      
      FLAMITS record 5357.
    - “flaming duration (s): 24.57”
      
      FLAMITS record 5372.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16.86”
      
      FLAMITS record 5373.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; fuel live; predrying no.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 252”
      
      FLAMITS record 5310.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2629.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 5311.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 212”
      
      FLAMITS record 5318.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2151.05”
      
      FLAMITS record 5319.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 170.92”
      
      FLAMITS record 5378.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 337.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 5379.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 386.53”
      
      FLAMITS record 5380.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 428.43”
      
      FLAMITS record 5381.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 481.42”
      
      FLAMITS record 5382.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 506.86”
      
      FLAMITS record 5383.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 492.45”
      
      FLAMITS record 5384.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 457.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 5399.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 619.36”
      
      FLAMITS record 5400.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4058.31”
      
      FLAMITS record 5405.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3398.66”
      
      FLAMITS record 5406.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3496.65”
      
      FLAMITS record 5407.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2569.31”
      
      FLAMITS record 5408.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2600.38”
      
      FLAMITS record 5409.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1826”
      
      FLAMITS record 5410.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1101.81”
      
      FLAMITS record 5411.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4237.57”
      
      FLAMITS record 5426.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4720.36”
      
      FLAMITS record 5427.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2760.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 5428.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3260.03”
      
      FLAMITS record 5429.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; fuel live; predrying yes.
    - “time to flaming (s): 13”
      
      FLAMITS record 5312.
    - “time to flaming (s): 17”
      
      FLAMITS record 5320.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; fuel live; predrying yes.
    - “flaming duration (s): 24”
      
      FLAMITS record 5313.
    - “flaming duration (s): 14”
      
      FLAMITS record 5321.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; fuel live; predrying yes.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 323”
      
      FLAMITS record 5314.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5736.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 5315.
    - “energy flux (kW/m²): 468”
      
      FLAMITS record 5322.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4780.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 5323.
- Primary study Kauf2014: Kauf, Z., Fangmeier, A., Rosavec, R., & panjol, . (2014). Testing Vegetation Flammability: The Problem of Extremely Low Ignition Frequency and Overall Flammability Score. Journal of Combustion, 2014, 1-10.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kauf2014-1; sampling may.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 7.07”
      
      FLAMITS record 5559.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 396.6”
      
      FLAMITS record 5575.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 550”
    
    FLAMITS record 5567; Combustibility measurement.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.
    - “flaming duration (s): 39.13”
      
      FLAMITS record 5583.
    - “burning duration (s): 46.21”
      
      FLAMITS record 5591.
- Primary study Kauf2015: Kauf, Z., Fangmeier, A., Rosavec, R., & panjol, . (2015). Seasonal and local differences in leaf litter flammability of six Mediterranean tree species. environmental management, 55, 687-701.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; sampling may, july, september and october.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 551.65”
    
    FLAMITS record 5598; Combustibility measurement; site Kauf2015-1.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-1.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 400.49”
      
      FLAMITS record 5604.
    - “time to flaming (s): 9.87”
      
      FLAMITS record 5615.
  - “time to flaming (s): 9.53”
    
    FLAMITS record 5616; Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-2.
  - “time to flaming (s): 7.87”
    
    FLAMITS record 5617; Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-3.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-1.
    - “flaming duration (s): 35.45”
      
      FLAMITS record 5631.
    - “burning duration (s): 45.53”
      
      FLAMITS record 5647.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-2.
    - “flaming duration (s): 37.78”
      
      FLAMITS record 5632.
    - “burning duration (s): 47.28”
      
      FLAMITS record 5648.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-3.
    - “flaming duration (s): 40.02”
      
      FLAMITS record 5633.
    - “burning duration (s): 47.18”
      
      FLAMITS record 5649.
- Primary study Liodakis2002: Liodakis, S., Bakirtzis, D., & Lois, E. (2002). TG and autoignition studies on forest fuels. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 69, 519-528.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; site Liodakis2002-1; sampling january.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5302.34”
    
    FLAMITS record 6551; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device muffle furnace.
    - “time to flaming (s): 45”
      
      FLAMITS record 6556.
    - “time to flaming (s): 35”
      
      FLAMITS record 6557.
    - “time to flaming (s): 30”
      
      FLAMITS record 6558.
    - “time to flaming (s): 30”
      
      FLAMITS record 6559.
    - “time to flaming (s): 24”
      
      FLAMITS record 6560.
    - “time to flaming (s): 24”
      
      FLAMITS record 6561.
    - “time to flaming (s): 14”
      
      FLAMITS record 6562.
    - “time to flaming (s): 14”
      
      FLAMITS record 6563.
    - “time to flaming (s): 14”
      
      FLAMITS record 6564.
    - “time to flaming (s): 12”
      
      FLAMITS record 6565.
    - “time to flaming (s): 10”
      
      FLAMITS record 6566.
    - “time to flaming (s): 10”
      
      FLAMITS record 6567.
    - “time to flaming (s): 9.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 6568.
  - Shared measurement context: Consumability measurement; device thermal analyzer.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 67.41”
      
      FLAMITS record 6668.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 77.43”
      
      FLAMITS record 6677.
- Primary study Liodakis2005: Liodakis, S., Vorisis, D., & Agiovlasitis, I. (2005). A method for measuring the relative particle fire hazard properties of forest species. Thermochimica Acta, 437, 150-157.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; site Liodakis2005-1; sampling ND.
  - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 430”
    
    FLAMITS record 6681; Combustibility measurement; device muffle furnace.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device muffle furnace.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 239”
      
      FLAMITS record 6687.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26280”
      
      FLAMITS record 6699.
  - “burning duration (s): 2736”
    
    FLAMITS record 6693; Sustainability measurement; device muffle furnace.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5185.94”
    
    FLAMITS record 6705; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.
- Primary study Liodakis2006b: Liodakis, S., & Kakardakis, T. (2006b). Measuring the Particle Flammability of Forest Species from Wildland/Urban Inter-face (WUI) near Athens by Thermal Analysis. First International Symposium on Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area. Corte-Ajaccio, France
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; site Liodakis2006b-1; sampling ND.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4584”
    
    FLAMITS record 6740; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.
  - “time to flaming (s): 1686”
    
    FLAMITS record 6747; Ignitability measurement; device thermal analyzer.
  - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 311.9”
    
    FLAMITS record 6754; Combustibility measurement; device thermal analyzer.
  - “burning duration (s): 300”
    
    FLAMITS record 6761; Sustainability measurement; device thermal analyzer.
- Primary study Liodakis2006c: Liodakis, S., Vorisis, D., & Agiovlasitis, I. (2006). Testing the retardancy effect of various inorganic chemicals on smoldering combustion of Pinus halepensis needles. Thermochimica Acta, 444, 157-165.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Liodakis2006c-1; sampling august.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 460”
      
      FLAMITS record 6768.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 479”
      
      FLAMITS record 6769.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 477”
      
      FLAMITS record 6770.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 397”
      
      FLAMITS record 6771.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 504”
      
      FLAMITS record 6772.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 476”
      
      FLAMITS record 6773.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 440”
      
      FLAMITS record 6774.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 400”
      
      FLAMITS record 6775.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 448”
      
      FLAMITS record 6776.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 454”
      
      FLAMITS record 6777.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 416”
      
      FLAMITS record 6778.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 447”
      
      FLAMITS record 6779.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 401”
      
      FLAMITS record 6780.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 429”
      
      FLAMITS record 6781.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 446”
      
      FLAMITS record 6782.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 486”
      
      FLAMITS record 6783.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 457”
      
      FLAMITS record 6784.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 482”
      
      FLAMITS record 6785.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 398”
      
      FLAMITS record 6786.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 401”
      
      FLAMITS record 6787.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 454”
      
      FLAMITS record 6788.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 416”
      
      FLAMITS record 6789.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 368”
      
      FLAMITS record 6790.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 370”
      
      FLAMITS record 6791.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 456”
      
      FLAMITS record 6792.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 413”
      
      FLAMITS record 6793.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 445”
      
      FLAMITS record 6794.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 415”
      
      FLAMITS record 6795.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 366”
      
      FLAMITS record 6796.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25308”
      
      FLAMITS record 6797.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25452”
      
      FLAMITS record 6798.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25488”
      
      FLAMITS record 6799.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26352”
      
      FLAMITS record 6800.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25776”
      
      FLAMITS record 6801.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25776”
      
      FLAMITS record 6802.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25596”
      
      FLAMITS record 6803.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25668”
      
      FLAMITS record 6804.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25884”
      
      FLAMITS record 6805.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25632”
      
      FLAMITS record 6806.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25308”
      
      FLAMITS record 6807.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25560”
      
      FLAMITS record 6808.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25812”
      
      FLAMITS record 6809.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26208”
      
      FLAMITS record 6810.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26244”
      
      FLAMITS record 6811.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25668”
      
      FLAMITS record 6812.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26028”
      
      FLAMITS record 6813.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25740”
      
      FLAMITS record 6814.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26496”
      
      FLAMITS record 6815.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25920”
      
      FLAMITS record 6816.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25704”
      
      FLAMITS record 6817.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25344”
      
      FLAMITS record 6818.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26352”
      
      FLAMITS record 6819.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26388”
      
      FLAMITS record 6820.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26136”
      
      FLAMITS record 6821.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25704”
      
      FLAMITS record 6822.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25632”
      
      FLAMITS record 6823.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25992”
      
      FLAMITS record 6824.
    - “time to flaming (s): 26532”
      
      FLAMITS record 6825.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.
    - “burning duration (s): 1956”
      
      FLAMITS record 6826.
    - “burning duration (s): 1866”
      
      FLAMITS record 6827.
    - “burning duration (s): 1758”
      
      FLAMITS record 6828.
    - “burning duration (s): 1938”
      
      FLAMITS record 6829.
    - “burning duration (s): 1392”
      
      FLAMITS record 6830.
    - “burning duration (s): 1614”
      
      FLAMITS record 6831.
    - “burning duration (s): 1530”
      
      FLAMITS record 6832.
    - “burning duration (s): 1674”
      
      FLAMITS record 6833.
    - “burning duration (s): 1404”
      
      FLAMITS record 6834.
    - “burning duration (s): 1488”
      
      FLAMITS record 6835.
    - “burning duration (s): 1920”
      
      FLAMITS record 6836.
    - “burning duration (s): 2106”
      
      FLAMITS record 6837.
    - “burning duration (s): 1338”
      
      FLAMITS record 6838.
    - “burning duration (s): 1152”
      
      FLAMITS record 6839.
    - “burning duration (s): 780”
      
      FLAMITS record 6840.
    - “burning duration (s): 1800”
      
      FLAMITS record 6841.
    - “burning duration (s): 1212”
      
      FLAMITS record 6842.
    - “burning duration (s): 1098”
      
      FLAMITS record 6843.
    - “burning duration (s): 1764”
      
      FLAMITS record 6844.
    - “burning duration (s): 1536”
      
      FLAMITS record 6845.
    - “burning duration (s): 1530”
      
      FLAMITS record 6846.
    - “burning duration (s): 1650”
      
      FLAMITS record 6847.
    - “burning duration (s): 282”
      
      FLAMITS record 6848.
    - “burning duration (s): 720”
      
      FLAMITS record 6849.
    - “burning duration (s): 1260”
      
      FLAMITS record 6850.
    - “burning duration (s): 1296”
      
      FLAMITS record 6851.
    - “burning duration (s): 1062”
      
      FLAMITS record 6852.
    - “burning duration (s): 1608”
      
      FLAMITS record 6853.
    - “burning duration (s): 1734”
      
      FLAMITS record 6854.
  - Shared measurement context: Consumability measurement.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 96.52”
      
      FLAMITS record 6855.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 89.1”
      
      FLAMITS record 6856.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 91.82”
      
      FLAMITS record 6857.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 88.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 6858.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 88.2”
      
      FLAMITS record 6859.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 83.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 6860.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 86.7”
      
      FLAMITS record 6861.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 87.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 6862.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 85.6”
      
      FLAMITS record 6863.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 87.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 6864.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 97”
      
      FLAMITS record 6865.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 96.32”
      
      FLAMITS record 6866.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 92.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 6867.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 86.6”
      
      FLAMITS record 6868.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 84.7”
      
      FLAMITS record 6869.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 89.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 6870.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 87.2”
      
      FLAMITS record 6871.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 90.64”
      
      FLAMITS record 6872.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 95.82”
      
      FLAMITS record 6873.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 90.72”
      
      FLAMITS record 6874.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 87.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 6875.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 90.97”
      
      FLAMITS record 6876.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 87.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 6877.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 85.1”
      
      FLAMITS record 6878.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 91.62”
      
      FLAMITS record 6879.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 90.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 6880.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 88.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 6881.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 90.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 6882.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 83”
      
      FLAMITS record 6883.
- Primary study Liodakis2011: Liodakis, S., Agiovlasitis, I.P., Kakardakis, T., Tzamtzis, N., Vorisis, D., & Lois, E. (2011). Determining hazard risk indices for Mediterranean forest species based on particle flammability properties. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 116-124.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; site Liodakis2011-1.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.
    - “time to flaming (s): 8.48”
      
      FLAMITS record 6884.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 6921.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.94”
      
      FLAMITS record 6957.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.
    - “flame intensity (kW/m): 438.01”
      
      FLAMITS record 6891.
    - “flame height (cm): 6.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 6915.
    - “flame height (cm): 7.1”
      
      FLAMITS record 6939.
    - “flame intensity (kW/m): 376.02”
      
      FLAMITS record 6945.
    - “flame height (cm): 100”
      
      FLAMITS record 6975.
    - “flame intensity (kW/m): 525.01”
      
      FLAMITS record 6981.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.
    - “flaming duration (s): 295.83”
      
      FLAMITS record 6897.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.07”
      
      FLAMITS record 6909.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 6927.
    - “flaming duration (s): 190.03”
      
      FLAMITS record 6933.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.16”
      
      FLAMITS record 6963.
    - “flaming duration (s): 164.2”
      
      FLAMITS record 6969.
  - Shared measurement context: Consumability measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 80.45”
      
      FLAMITS record 6903.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 82”
      
      FLAMITS record 6951.
    - “burnt biomass (%): 79.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 6987.
  - “flammability value: 2”
    
    FLAMITS record 6993; Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling spring.
  - “flammability value: 5”
    
    FLAMITS record 7000; Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling summer.
  - “flammability value: 2”
    
    FLAMITS record 7007; Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling autumn.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling all seasons.
    - “flammability value: 2”
      
      FLAMITS record 7014.
    - “flammability value: 3”
      
      FLAMITS record 7021.
    - “flammability value: 4”
      
      FLAMITS record 7028.
- Primary study Madrigal2009: Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., Diez, C., Marino, E., & De Castro, A. (2009). Evaluation of forest fuel flammability and combustion properties with an adapted mass loss calorimeter device. Journal of Fire Sciences, 27, 323-342.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2009-1; sampling ND.
  - “time to flaming (s): 5.66”
    
    FLAMITS record 7270; Ignitability measurement.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4600.17”
      
      FLAMITS record 7274.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 488.02”
      
      FLAMITS record 7278.
    - “total heat release (MJ/m²): 19.26”
      
      FLAMITS record 7282.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 99.42”
    
    FLAMITS record 7286; Consumability measurement.
- Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.
  
  Shared row context: predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 495”
      
      FLAMITS record 7290.
    - “total heat release (MJ/m²): 25.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 7296.
    - “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.07”
      
      FLAMITS record 7314.
  - “time to flaming (s): 4”
    
    FLAMITS record 7302; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead.
  - “flaming duration (s): 60”
    
    FLAMITS record 7308; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead.
  - “flaming duration (s): 65”
    
    FLAMITS record 7335; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 356”
      
      FLAMITS record 7355.
    - “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 7395.
    - “total heat release (MJ/m²): 23.18”
      
      FLAMITS record 7415.
  - “time to flaming (s): 4”
    
    FLAMITS record 7375; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live.
- Primary study Michelaki2020: Michelaki, C., Fyllas, N. M., Galanidis, A., Aloupi, M., Evangelou, E., Arianoutsou, M., & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2020). Adaptive flammability syndromes in thermo-Mediterranean vegetation, captured by alternative resource-use strategies. Science of The Total Environment, 718, 137437.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Michelaki2020-9; sampling spring.
  - “time to flaming (s): 1042”
    
    FLAMITS record 9218; Ignitability measurement.
  - “burning duration (s): 350”
    
    FLAMITS record 9219; Sustainability measurement.
  - “mass loss rate (g/s): 0”
    
    FLAMITS record 9220; Combustibility measurement.
  - “estimated burnt biomass (%): 94.5”
    
    FLAMITS record 9221; Consumability measurement.
- Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 8.4”
      
      FLAMITS record 9302.
    - “flammability value: 5”
      
      FLAMITS record 9338.
  - “flaming duration (s): 14.7”
    
    FLAMITS record 9320; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Ntoufas2013: Ntoufas, I., Liodakis, S., Tzamtzis, N., Agiovlasitis, I. P., & Vorisis, D. (2013). The effect of biodiversity on the flammability of forests of Pinus halepensis Mill. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22, 3865-3872.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; sampling february.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; device thermal analyzer; site Ntoufas2013-1.
    - “burning duration (s): 4.1”
      
      FLAMITS record 9738.
    - “burning duration (s): 2.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 9741.
    - “burning duration (s): 2”
      
      FLAMITS record 9743.
    - “burning duration (s): 13.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 9746.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; device thermal analyzer; site Ntoufas2013-2.
    - “burning duration (s): 4.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 9739.
    - “burning duration (s): 2.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 9742.
    - “burning duration (s): 9.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 9744.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; device thermal analyzer; site Ntoufas2013-3.
    - “burning duration (s): 6.2”
      
      FLAMITS record 9740.
    - “burning duration (s): 12.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 9745.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; device thermal analyzer; site Ntoufas2013-2.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 283.4”
      
      FLAMITS record 9747.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 415.1”
      
      FLAMITS record 9751.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; device thermal analyzer; site Ntoufas2013-3.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 277.6”
      
      FLAMITS record 9748.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 274.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 9749.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 406.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 9752.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 397.3”
    
    FLAMITS record 9750; Combustibility measurement; device thermal analyzer; site Ntoufas2013-1.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5505.97”
    
    FLAMITS record 9753; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter; site Ntoufas2013-1.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4835.08”
    
    FLAMITS record 9754; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter; site Ntoufas2013-2.
  - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4693.83”
    
    FLAMITS record 9755; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter; site Ntoufas2013-3.
- Primary study Ntoufas2016: Ntoufas, I., Liodakis, S., & Tzamtzis, N. (2016). The effect of the extractable components of euro-mediterranean vegetation species to the combustion of their foliage. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2850.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; site Ntoufas2016-1; sampling february.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4400”
      
      FLAMITS record 9757.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4900”
      
      FLAMITS record 9760.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device thermal analyzer.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 243.42”
      
      FLAMITS record 9763.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 222.06”
      
      FLAMITS record 9766.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; device thermal analyzer.
    - “burning duration (s): 360”
      
      FLAMITS record 9769.
    - “burning duration (s): 450”
      
      FLAMITS record 9772.
- Primary study Ormeno2009: Ormeno, E., Cespedes, B., Sanchez, I.A., Velasco-Garcia, A., Moreno, J.M., Fernandez, C., & Baldy, V. (2009). The relationship between terpenes and flammability of leaf litter. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 471-482.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ormeno2009-1; sampling june.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.
    - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 2090”
      
      FLAMITS record 9882.
    - “burning duration (s): 348.7”
      
      FLAMITS record 9886.
    - “burning duration (s): 15.19”
      
      FLAMITS record 9898.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.
    - “flame height (cm): 85”
      
      FLAMITS record 9884.
    - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 488.2”
      
      FLAMITS record 9890.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 74.1”
    
    FLAMITS record 9888; Consumability measurement.
  - “time to flaming (s): 2.16”
    
    FLAMITS record 9892; Ignitability measurement.
- Primary study Petriccione2006: Petriccione, M. (2006). Infiammabilità della lettiera di diverse specie vegetali di ambiente mediterráneo. Tesi Di Dottorato. Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Petriccione2006-1; sampling may to june.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 20.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 10501.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 40”
      
      FLAMITS record 10503.
    - “flammability value: 2”
      
      FLAMITS record 10504.
  - “burning duration (s): 7.25”
    
    FLAMITS record 10502; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Romero2019: Romero, B., Fernandez, C., Lecareux, C., Ormeño, E., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). How terpene content affects fuel flammability of wildlandurban interface vegetation. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 28, 614.
  
  Shared row context: device epiradiator; site Romero2019-1; sampling july.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying yes.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 11329.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 352.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 11347.
    - “flammability value: 100”
      
      FLAMITS record 11353.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 589.4”
    
    FLAMITS record 11335; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying yes.
  - “flaming duration (s): 14.6”
    
    FLAMITS record 11341; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel dead; predrying yes.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no.
    - “time to flaming (s): 14”
      
      FLAMITS record 11359.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 318.7”
      
      FLAMITS record 11381.
    - “flammability value: 100”
      
      FLAMITS record 11388.
  - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 545”
    
    FLAMITS record 11366; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no.
  - “flaming duration (s): 13.9”
    
    FLAMITS record 11373; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no.
- Primary study Romero2021: Romero, B., & Ganteaume, A. (2021). Effect of Fire Frequency on the Flammability of Two Mediterranean Pines: Link with Needle Terpene Content. Plants, 10, 2164.
  
  Shared row context: predrying yes; sampling july.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; device flat flame burner; site Romero2021-1.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.03”
      
      FLAMITS record 11395.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.31”
      
      FLAMITS record 11396.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.29”
      
      FLAMITS record 11397.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 11398.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 11399.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.94”
      
      FLAMITS record 11400.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.18”
      
      FLAMITS record 11401.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 11402.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; device flat flame burner; site Romero2021-1.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 716.34”
      
      FLAMITS record 11403.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 613.99”
      
      FLAMITS record 11404.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 645.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 11405.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 437.48”
      
      FLAMITS record 11406.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 243.66”
      
      FLAMITS record 11407.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 567.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 11408.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 512.79”
      
      FLAMITS record 11409.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 427.19”
      
      FLAMITS record 11410.
    - “flame height (cm): 43.13”
      
      FLAMITS record 11419.
    - “flame height (cm): 44.09”
      
      FLAMITS record 11420.
    - “flame height (cm): 46.45”
      
      FLAMITS record 11421.
    - “flame height (cm): 56.29”
      
      FLAMITS record 11422.
    - “flame height (cm): 52.58”
      
      FLAMITS record 11423.
    - “flame height (cm): 56.98”
      
      FLAMITS record 11424.
    - “flame height (cm): 48.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 11425.
    - “flame height (cm): 53.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 11426.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; device flat flame burner; site Romero2021-1.
    - “flaming duration (s): 13.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 11411.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16.44”
      
      FLAMITS record 11412.
    - “flaming duration (s): 17.52”
      
      FLAMITS record 11413.
    - “flaming duration (s): 13.05”
      
      FLAMITS record 11414.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 11415.
    - “flaming duration (s): 13.78”
      
      FLAMITS record 11416.
    - “flaming duration (s): 12.67”
      
      FLAMITS record 11417.
    - “flaming duration (s): 14.52”
      
      FLAMITS record 11418.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; device flat flame burner; site Romero2021-2.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.93”
      
      FLAMITS record 11427.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.91”
      
      FLAMITS record 11428.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.18”
      
      FLAMITS record 11429.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.19”
      
      FLAMITS record 11430.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.65”
      
      FLAMITS record 11431.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.68”
      
      FLAMITS record 11432.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 11433.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.24”
      
      FLAMITS record 11434.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; device flat flame burner; site Romero2021-2.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 525.97”
      
      FLAMITS record 11435.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 709.24”
      
      FLAMITS record 11436.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 447.49”
      
      FLAMITS record 11437.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 475.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 11438.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 304.01”
      
      FLAMITS record 11439.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 543.82”
      
      FLAMITS record 11440.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 547.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 11441.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 487.58”
      
      FLAMITS record 11442.
    - “flame height (cm): 37.56”
      
      FLAMITS record 11451.
    - “flame height (cm): 46.03”
      
      FLAMITS record 11452.
    - “flame height (cm): 42.09”
      
      FLAMITS record 11453.
    - “flame height (cm): 57.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 11454.
    - “flame height (cm): 53.99”
      
      FLAMITS record 11455.
    - “flame height (cm): 51.96”
      
      FLAMITS record 11456.
    - “flame height (cm): 57.83”
      
      FLAMITS record 11457.
    - “flame height (cm): 52.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 11458.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; device flat flame burner; site Romero2021-2.
    - “flaming duration (s): 15.39”
      
      FLAMITS record 11443.
    - “flaming duration (s): 14.78”
      
      FLAMITS record 11444.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16.73”
      
      FLAMITS record 11445.
    - “flaming duration (s): 15.71”
      
      FLAMITS record 11446.
    - “flaming duration (s): 17.32”
      
      FLAMITS record 11447.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 11448.
    - “flaming duration (s): 13.57”
      
      FLAMITS record 11449.
    - “flaming duration (s): 16.31”
      
      FLAMITS record 11450.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; device epiradiator; site Romero2021-1.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.91”
      
      FLAMITS record 11459.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.41”
      
      FLAMITS record 11460.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.31”
      
      FLAMITS record 11461.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.26”
      
      FLAMITS record 11462.
    - “time to flaming (s): 3.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 11463.
    - “time to flaming (s): 1.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 11464.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2”
      
      FLAMITS record 11465.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 11466.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; device epiradiator; site Romero2021-1.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 640.94”
      
      FLAMITS record 11467.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 499.74”
      
      FLAMITS record 11468.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 582.16”
      
      FLAMITS record 11469.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 445”
      
      FLAMITS record 11470.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 462.35”
      
      FLAMITS record 11471.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 462.22”
      
      FLAMITS record 11472.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 394.7”
      
      FLAMITS record 11473.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 468.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 11474.
    - “flame height (cm): 58.85”
      
      FLAMITS record 11483.
    - “flame height (cm): 51.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 11484.
    - “flame height (cm): 60.27”
      
      FLAMITS record 11485.
    - “flame height (cm): 58.99”
      
      FLAMITS record 11486.
    - “flame height (cm): 20.01”
      
      FLAMITS record 11487.
    - “flame height (cm): 59.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 11488.
    - “flame height (cm): 46.67”
      
      FLAMITS record 11489.
    - “flame height (cm): 63.38”
      
      FLAMITS record 11490.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; device epiradiator; site Romero2021-1.
    - “flaming duration (s): 98.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 11475.
    - “flaming duration (s): 104.99”
      
      FLAMITS record 11476.
    - “flaming duration (s): 89.64”
      
      FLAMITS record 11477.
    - “flaming duration (s): 41.07”
      
      FLAMITS record 11478.
    - “flaming duration (s): 99.95”
      
      FLAMITS record 11479.
    - “flaming duration (s): 95.03”
      
      FLAMITS record 11480.
    - “flaming duration (s): 110.39”
      
      FLAMITS record 11481.
    - “flaming duration (s): 388.81”
      
      FLAMITS record 11482.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; device epiradiator; site Romero2021-2.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.24”
      
      FLAMITS record 11491.
    - “time to flaming (s): 1.98”
      
      FLAMITS record 11492.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.19”
      
      FLAMITS record 11493.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.4”
      
      FLAMITS record 11494.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.43”
      
      FLAMITS record 11495.
    - “time to flaming (s): 1.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 11496.
    - “time to flaming (s): 2.39”
      
      FLAMITS record 11497.
    - “time to flaming (s): 1.53”
      
      FLAMITS record 11498.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; device epiradiator; site Romero2021-2.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 634.78”
      
      FLAMITS record 11499.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 583.86”
      
      FLAMITS record 11500.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 547.83”
      
      FLAMITS record 11501.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 425.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 11502.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 484.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 11503.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 382.65”
      
      FLAMITS record 11504.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 476.96”
      
      FLAMITS record 11505.
    - “maximum flame temperature (°C): 467.63”
      
      FLAMITS record 11506.
    - “flame height (cm): 62.44”
      
      FLAMITS record 11515.
    - “flame height (cm): 62.88”
      
      FLAMITS record 11516.
    - “flame height (cm): 56.86”
      
      FLAMITS record 11517.
    - “flame height (cm): 56.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 11518.
    - “flame height (cm): 66.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 11519.
    - “flame height (cm): 44.85”
      
      FLAMITS record 11520.
    - “flame height (cm): 69.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 11521.
    - “flame height (cm): 69.77”
      
      FLAMITS record 11522.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; device epiradiator; site Romero2021-2.
    - “flaming duration (s): 93.73”
      
      FLAMITS record 11507.
    - “flaming duration (s): 87.94”
      
      FLAMITS record 11508.
    - “flaming duration (s): 98.62”
      
      FLAMITS record 11509.
    - “flaming duration (s): 101.5”
      
      FLAMITS record 11510.
    - “flaming duration (s): 96.11”
      
      FLAMITS record 11511.
    - “flaming duration (s): 104.23”
      
      FLAMITS record 11512.
    - “flaming duration (s): 102.87”
      
      FLAMITS record 11513.
    - “flaming duration (s): 107.63”
      
      FLAMITS record 11514.
- Primary study Rosavec2013: Rosavec, R., ikic, Z., panjol, ., & Barcic, D. (2013). Utjecaj meteorolokih ?imbenika na zapaljivost nekih sredozemnih vrsta. umarski list, 137, 583-590.
  
  Shared row context: Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; sampling june.
  - “flaming duration (s): 10.55”
    
    FLAMITS record 11619; site Rosavec2013-1.
  - “flaming duration (s): 10.54”
    
    FLAMITS record 11620; site Rosavec2013-2.
- “time to flaming (s): 29.57”
  
  FLAMITS record 11921; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Santoni2014-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santoni2014: Santoni, P., Bartoli, P., Simeoni, A., & Torero, J. (2014). Bulk and particle properties of pine needle fuel bedsinfluence on combustion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 23, 1076-1086.
- Primary study Saura2010: Saura-Mas, S., Paula, S., Pausas, J. G,. & Lloret, F. (2010). Fuel loading and flammability in the Mediterranean Basin woody species with different post-fire regenerative strategies. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19, 783.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Saura2010-1; sampling august.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “temperature at flaming (°C): 459”
      
      FLAMITS record 12137.
    - “time to smoke (s): 121.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 12203.
    - “temperature at smoke (°C): 169.8”
      
      FLAMITS record 12240.
    - “time to smouldering (s): 268”
      
      FLAMITS record 12276.
    - “temperature at smouldering (°C): 342.3”
      
      FLAMITS record 12312.
  - “flaming duration (s): 303.3”
    
    FLAMITS record 12169; Sustainability measurement.
- Primary study Valette1990: Valette, J.-C. (1990). Flammabilities of Mediterranean forest species. Effects on the combustibility of the forest communities inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Conséquences sur la combustibilité des formations forestières. Revue forestière française, 42, 76-92.
  
  Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Valette1990-1; sampling june to september.
  - “flammability value: 0”
    
    FLAMITS record 13345.
  - “flammability value: 4”
    
    FLAMITS record 13346.
- Primary study Rosavec2022: Rosavec, R., Bar?i?, D., panjol, ., Orani?, M., Dubravac, T., & Antonovi?, A. (2022). Flammability and Combustibility of Two Mediterranean Species in Relation to Forest Fires in Croatia. Forests, 13, 1266.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Rosavec2022-1; sampling between 2017 to 2019.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “time to flaming (s): 9.69”
      
      FLAMITS record 16438.
    - “time to flaming (s): 7.12”
      
      FLAMITS record 16440.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.
    - “flaming duration (s): 10.22”
      
      FLAMITS record 16439.
    - “flaming duration (s): 6.38”
      
      FLAMITS record 16441.
- Primary study Pallozzi2018: Pallozzi, E., Lusini, I., Cherubini, L., Hajiaghayeva, R. A., Ciccioli, P., & Calfapietra, C. (2018). Differences between a deciduous and a conifer tree species in gaseous and particulate emissions from biomass burning. Environmental pollution, 234, 457-467.
  
  Shared row context: fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Pallozzi2018-1; sampling summer 2013.
  - “burning duration (s): 99.44”
    
    FLAMITS record 16455; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves.
  - “burning duration (s): 272.38”
    
    FLAMITS record 16456; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs.
  - “burning duration (s): 66.08”
    
    FLAMITS record 16457; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter.
  - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 497.1”
    
    FLAMITS record 16461; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves.
  - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 712.08”
    
    FLAMITS record 16462; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs.
  - “maximum sample temperature (°C): 523.6”
    
    FLAMITS record 16463; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter.
- Primary study Benhalima2019: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2019). Flammability of certain conifers and oak species of north west Algeria. Proceedings of the X International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2019. Jahorina.
  
  Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2019-1; sampling september 2017.
  - “time to flaming (s): 89.57”
    
    FLAMITS record 16765; Ignitability measurement.
  - Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.
    - “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 137.2”
      
      FLAMITS record 16766.
    - “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1772.236556”
      
      FLAMITS record 16767.
  - “burnt biomass (%): 99.18”
    
    FLAMITS record 16768; Consumability measurement.
- “time to flaming (s): 69”
  
  FLAMITS record 16839; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Schemel2008-1; sampling ND. Primary study Schemel2008: Schemel, C.F., Simeoni, A., Biteau, H., Rivera, J.D., & Torero, J.L. (2008). A calorimetric study of wildland fuels. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 32, 13811389.
- Primary study Boutchiche2022: Boutchiche, H., Mosbah, O., Sahila, A., Raposo, J., Reis, L., Viegas, D. X., ... Zekri, N. (2022). Influence of Compactness Upon Flammability Properties of Forest Fuels. in review, preprint.
  
  Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; device calorimeter; site Boutchiche2022-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; predrying yes.
    - “flaming duration (s): 394.14”
      
      FLAMITS record 18044.
    - “flaming duration (s): 113.37”
      
      FLAMITS record 18045.
    - “flaming duration (s): 114.39”
      
      FLAMITS record 18046.
    - “flaming duration (s): 58.43”
      
      FLAMITS record 18047.
    - “flaming duration (s): 59.68”
      
      FLAMITS record 18048.
    - “flaming duration (s): 64.97”
      
      FLAMITS record 18049.
    - “flaming duration (s): 33.73”
      
      FLAMITS record 18050.
    - “flaming duration (s): 69.94”
      
      FLAMITS record 18051.
    - “flaming duration (s): 68.13”
      
      FLAMITS record 18052.
    - “flaming duration (s): 61.42”
      
      FLAMITS record 18067.
  - Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; predrying no.
    - “flaming duration (s): 59.76”
      
      FLAMITS record 18068.
    - “flaming duration (s): 26.36”
      
      FLAMITS record 18069.
    - “flaming duration (s): 54.77”
      
      FLAMITS record 18070.
    - “flaming duration (s): 55.37”
      
      FLAMITS record 18071.
    - “flaming duration (s): 54.02”
      
      FLAMITS record 18072.
    - “flaming duration (s): 107.58”
      
      FLAMITS record 18073.
    - “flaming duration (s): 109.4”
      
      FLAMITS record 18074.
    - “flaming duration (s): 395.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 18075.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; predrying no.
    - “time to flaming (s): 25.08”
      
      FLAMITS record 18091.
    - “time to flaming (s): 15.25”
      
      FLAMITS record 18092.
    - “time to flaming (s): 17.59”
      
      FLAMITS record 18093.
    - “time to flaming (s): 15.09”
      
      FLAMITS record 18094.
    - “time to flaming (s): 16.53”
      
      FLAMITS record 18095.
    - “time to flaming (s): 16.79”
      
      FLAMITS record 18096.
    - “time to flaming (s): 18.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 18097.
    - “time to flaming (s): 22.49”
      
      FLAMITS record 18098.
    - “time to flaming (s): 29.66”
      
      FLAMITS record 18099.
    - “time to flaming (s): 29.63”
      
      FLAMITS record 18115.
    - “time to flaming (s): 22.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 18116.
    - “time to flaming (s): 18.34”
      
      FLAMITS record 18117.
    - “time to flaming (s): 16.62”
      
      FLAMITS record 18118.
    - “time to flaming (s): 16.31”
      
      FLAMITS record 18119.
    - “time to flaming (s): 14.9”
      
      FLAMITS record 18120.
    - “time to flaming (s): 17.54”
      
      FLAMITS record 18121.
    - “time to flaming (s): 15.33”
      
      FLAMITS record 18122.
    - “time to flaming (s): 24.72”
      
      FLAMITS record 18123.
- Primary study Mosbah2022: Mosbah, O., Sabi, F. Z., Terrah, S. M., Boutchiche, H., Hamamousse, N., Sahila, A., Zekri, N. (2022). Influence of fuel load on the flammability of live Pinus Halepensis needles. In: D. X. Viegas & L.M. Ribeiro (Ed.), Advances in Forest Fire Research (pp. 1671-1674). Portugal, Coimbra University Press
  
  Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Mosbah2022-1; sampling ND.
  - “time to flaming (s): 368.54”
    
    FLAMITS record 18264.
  - “time to flaming (s): 342.05”
    
    FLAMITS record 18265.
  - “time to flaming (s): 309.21”
    
    FLAMITS record 18266.
  - “time to flaming (s): 407.26”
    
    FLAMITS record 18267.
  - “time to flaming (s): 461.46”
    
    FLAMITS record 18268.
  - “time to flaming (s): 526.69”
    
    FLAMITS record 18269.
  - “time to flaming (s): 597.02”
    
    FLAMITS record 18270.
  - “time to flaming (s): 574.02”
    
    FLAMITS record 18271.
  - “time to flaming (s): 714.75”
    
    FLAMITS record 18272.
  - “time to flaming (s): 788.15”
    
    FLAMITS record 18273.
  - “time to flaming (s): 753.69”
    
    FLAMITS record 18274.
  - “time to flaming (s): 864.61”
    
    FLAMITS record 18275.
  - “time to flaming (s): 884.32”
    
    FLAMITS record 18276.
  - “time to flaming (s): 961.94”
    
    FLAMITS record 18277.
  - “time to flaming (s): 981.65”
    
    FLAMITS record 18278.
  - “time to flaming (s): 1060.47”
    
    FLAMITS record 18279.
  - “time to flaming (s): 187.95”
    
    FLAMITS record 18280.
  - “time to flaming (s): 151.84”
    
    FLAMITS record 18281.
  - “time to flaming (s): 200.86”
    
    FLAMITS record 18282.
  - “time to flaming (s): 181.14”
    
    FLAMITS record 18283.
  - “time to flaming (s): 279.17”
    
    FLAMITS record 18284.
  - “time to flaming (s): 297.95”
    
    FLAMITS record 18285.
  - “time to flaming (s): 416.41”
    
    FLAMITS record 18286.
  - “time to flaming (s): 437.73”
    
    FLAMITS record 18287.
  - “time to flaming (s): 472.27”
    
    FLAMITS record 18288.
  - “time to flaming (s): 475.02”
    
    FLAMITS record 18289.
  - “time to flaming (s): 511.11”
    
    FLAMITS record 18290.
  - “time to flaming (s): 586.22”
    
    FLAMITS record 18291.
  - “time to flaming (s): 680.72”
    
    FLAMITS record 18292.
  - “time to flaming (s): 725.05”
    
    FLAMITS record 18293.
  - “time to flaming (s): 922.51”
    
    FLAMITS record 18294.
  - “time to flaming (s): 902.82”
    
    FLAMITS record 18295.
  - “time to flaming (s): 871.67”
    
    FLAMITS record 18296.
  - “time to flaming (s): 153.23”
    
    FLAMITS record 18297.
  - “time to flaming (s): 123.68”
    
    FLAMITS record 18298.
  - “time to flaming (s): 72.78”
    
    FLAMITS record 18299.
  - “time to flaming (s): 203.66”
    
    FLAMITS record 18300.
  - “time to flaming (s): 239.76”
    
    FLAMITS record 18301.
  - “time to flaming (s): 337.61”
    
    FLAMITS record 18302.
  - “time to flaming (s): 391.3”
    
    FLAMITS record 18303.
  - “time to flaming (s): 424.12”
    
    FLAMITS record 18304.
  - “time to flaming (s): 472.92”
    
    FLAMITS record 18305.
  - “time to flaming (s): 477.12”
    
    FLAMITS record 18306.
  - “time to flaming (s): 554.94”
    
    FLAMITS record 18307.
  - “time to flaming (s): 666.39”
    
    FLAMITS record 18308.
  - “time to flaming (s): 715.64”
    
    FLAMITS record 18309.
  - “time to flaming (s): 753.4”
    
    FLAMITS record 18310.
  - “time to flaming (s): 893.44”
    
    FLAMITS record 18311.
  - “time to flaming (s): 926.26”
    
    FLAMITS record 18312.
- Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.
  
  Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-1; sampling ND.
  - Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.
    - “ignition frequency (%): 89”
      
      FLAMITS record 19831.
    - “time to flaming (s): 4.51”
      
      FLAMITS record 19832.
  - “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.23”
    
    FLAMITS record 19833; Sustainability measurement.
  - “mass loss rate (g/s): 1.34”
    
    FLAMITS record 19834; Combustibility measurement.

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Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · Wikipedia · ITIS

Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/pinus-halepensis/. Last verified 2026-08-23.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

2. Why this plant is relevant here

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Conditions in the fire evidence

Where its sources say to plant it

The evidence

Avoids (7)

Related plants

Fire-resistant trees instead