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Cork oak

Quercus suber · Fagaceae · all Quercus records

Your local evidence lens

Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Highly flammable — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: 1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 2 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Mediterranean France / Provence; Tlemcen Mountains, western Algeria; Tlemcen, western Algeria
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in HI, LA.
Native range: No current cited or legacy state native range is normalized.
Introduced / established: No introduced or established row is normalized; that does not prove native status.
USDA hardiness: No hardiness value is normalized.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: 2 ecological invasive reports; set a location to distinguish exact from regional context.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

Keep away. Condemned as highly flammable by 3 of 4 independent primary-evidence lineages; Guía de pirojardinería disagrees. The majority direction governs — the recommendation is shown in full below.

▲ Guía de pirojardinería ▼ the INRA Avignon fire laboratory · fire-tested ▼ The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation im… · fire-tested ▼ The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the a… · fire-tested ◆ Flammability of some companion species in cork oak forests · fire-tested

Computed class: Highly flammable (majority) — derived from the cited evidence by a published rule, never hand-assigned. Each chip above is one independent primary-evidence lineage and its direction. No plant is fireproof; condition and placement govern. Zone 0 is hardscape regardless.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Cork oak (Quercus suber) — Photo: (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
Grows in: HI, LA
Rated in: Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Mediterranean France / Provence +2
Family: Fagaceae
Evidence: 91 cited sources

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

green: The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI evidence row, The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria) evidence row

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Guía de pirojardinería: suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone [girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability] (with its recommendation)
The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the a…: Table 1 [henaoui-2013-fresh-material-flammability] (with its avoid rating)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (3)

Inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes (Valette 1990) — INRA Station de Sylviculture méditerranéenne, Avignon (Revue Forestière Française XLII) · 1990 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: inra-tree

“INRA inflammability note 4 of 5 (July-September maximum)” · score 4 (inra-0-5)

Monthly inflammability notes May-April: 0, 2, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5 (epiradiator tests, INRA Avignon).

Source wording: “hautement inflammable”
The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the WUI — Landscape and Urban Planning (Molina, Martín, Rodríguez y Silva & Herrera) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: molina-uco-tree

“Extremely flammable (Valette 5)” · score 5 (valette-0-5-live-leaf) · condition: green

Table 2 reports 87.14% foliar moisture, 7.48 s mean time to ignition, and 13.96 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.
The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria) — European Scientific Journal · European Scientific Journal 9(29) · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: valette-1990

“High flammability — note 3” · score 3 (henaoui-2013-flammability-note-1-3) · condition: green · original source

Table 1 classifies Quercus suber at flammability note 3; the paper prints its stratum as Tree.

Mid-scale / conditional (1)

Flammability of some companion species in cork oak forests — Annals of Forest Science (Dehane, Hernando, Guijarro & Madrigal) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: inia-madrid-tree

“Measured in condition-dependent clusters; no overall directional class”

Fresh and oven-dried shoot flammability was measured; condition-dependent cluster changes were not collapsed into a low verdict.

Listed without a rating (86)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

86 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “time to flaming (s): 89” · score 89 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 657; Ignitability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Benhalima2020: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2020). Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 152, 22-25.
- “flaming duration (s): 2006” · score 2006 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 658; Sustainability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Benhalima2020: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2020). Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 152, 22-25.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 208” · score 208 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 659; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Benhalima2020: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2020). Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 152, 22-25.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 6742.35” · score 6742.35 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 660; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Benhalima2020: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2020). Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 152, 22-25.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.02” · score 0.02 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 661; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Benhalima2020: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2020). Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 152, 22-25.
- “burnt biomass (%): 66” · score 66 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 662; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Benhalima2020: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2020). Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 152, 22-25.
- “time to flaming (s): 89” · score 89 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 2284; Ignitability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dehane2015: Dehane, B., Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Bouhraoua, R., & Guijarro, M. (2015). New bench-scale protocols for characterizing bark flammability and fire resistance in trees: application to Algerian cork. Journal of Fire Sciences, 33, 202-217.
- “flaming duration (s): 2006” · score 2006 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 2285; Sustainability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dehane2015: Dehane, B., Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Bouhraoua, R., & Guijarro, M. (2015). New bench-scale protocols for characterizing bark flammability and fire resistance in trees: application to Algerian cork. Journal of Fire Sciences, 33, 202-217.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 65” · score 65 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 2286; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dehane2015: Dehane, B., Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Bouhraoua, R., & Guijarro, M. (2015). New bench-scale protocols for characterizing bark flammability and fire resistance in trees: application to Algerian cork. Journal of Fire Sciences, 33, 202-217.
- “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.02” · score 0.02 (FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s))
  
  FLAMITS record 2287; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dehane2015: Dehane, B., Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Bouhraoua, R., & Guijarro, M. (2015). New bench-scale protocols for characterizing bark flammability and fire resistance in trees: application to Algerian cork. Journal of Fire Sciences, 33, 202-217.
- “burnt biomass (%): 66” · score 66 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2288; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dehane2015: Dehane, B., Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Bouhraoua, R., & Guijarro, M. (2015). New bench-scale protocols for characterizing bark flammability and fire resistance in trees: application to Algerian cork. Journal of Fire Sciences, 33, 202-217.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 208” · score 208 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 2289; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dehane2015: Dehane, B., Madrigal, J., Hernando, C., Bouhraoua, R., & Guijarro, M. (2015). New bench-scale protocols for characterizing bark flammability and fire resistance in trees: application to Algerian cork. Journal of Fire Sciences, 33, 202-217.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.7” · score 6.7 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 2297; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3045.28” · score 3045.28 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 2307; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 251.12” · score 251.12 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 2317; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “burnt biomass (%): 94” · score 94 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2327; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “time to flaming (s): 27” · score 27 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 2337; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 341.07” · score 341.07 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 2347; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 102.07” · score 102.07 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 2357; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “burnt biomass (%): 97.03” · score 97.03 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 2367; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september. Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 482.39” · score 482.39 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2388; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 525.8” · score 525.8 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2389; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 515.82” · score 515.82 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2390; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at flaming (°C): 414.51” · score 414.51 (FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2391; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at smoke (°C): 117.7” · score 117.7 (FLAMITS — temperature at smoke (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2409; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at smoke (°C): 119.41” · score 119.41 (FLAMITS — temperature at smoke (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2410; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at smoke (°C): 111.29” · score 111.29 (FLAMITS — temperature at smoke (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2411; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “temperature at smoke (°C): 111.14” · score 111.14 (FLAMITS — temperature at smoke (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 2412; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september. Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.
- “flammability value: 8.15” · score 8.15 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 3315; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Essaghi2017-4; sampling january. Primary study Essaghi2017: Essaghi, S., Hachmi, M. H., Yessef, M., Dehhaoui, M., & El Amarty, F. (2017). Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. Forests, 8, 443.
- “flammability value: 14.9” · score 14.9 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 3328; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Essaghi2017-4; sampling january. Primary study Essaghi2017: Essaghi, S., Hachmi, M. H., Yessef, M., Dehhaoui, M., & El Amarty, F. (2017). Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. Forests, 8, 443.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4922.61” · score 4922.61 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 3923; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.4” · score 2.4 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4722; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Hachmi2011-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hachmi2011: Hachmi, M. H., Sesbou, A., Benjelloun, H., El Handouz, N., & Bouanane, F. (2011). A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels. Journal of Combustion, 2011, 1-11.
- “flame height (cm): 22” · score 22 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 4779; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Hachmi2011-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hachmi2011: Hachmi, M. H., Sesbou, A., Benjelloun, H., El Handouz, N., & Bouanane, F. (2011). A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels. Journal of Combustion, 2011, 1-11.
- “burning duration (s): 13.6” · score 13.6 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4780; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Hachmi2011-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hachmi2011: Hachmi, M. H., Sesbou, A., Benjelloun, H., El Handouz, N., & Bouanane, F. (2011). A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels. Journal of Combustion, 2011, 1-11.
- “flammability value: 2.97” · score 2.97 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 4789; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Hachmi2011-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hachmi2011: Hachmi, M. H., Sesbou, A., Benjelloun, H., El Handouz, N., & Bouanane, F. (2011). A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels. Journal of Combustion, 2011, 1-11.
- “flame height (cm): 34.48” · score 34.48 (FLAMITS — flame height (cm))
  
  FLAMITS record 4893; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device infrared burner; site Henaoui2013-1; sampling spring. Primary study Henaoui2013: Henaoui, S. E. -A., Bouazza, M., & Amara, M. (2013). The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria). European Scientific Journal, 9, 84-103.
- “time to flaming (s): 49.77” · score 49.77 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4931; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device infrared burner; site Henaoui2013-1; sampling spring. Primary study Henaoui2013: Henaoui, S. E. -A., Bouazza, M., & Amara, M. (2013). The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria). European Scientific Journal, 9, 84-103.
- “burning duration (s): 96.2” · score 96.2 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 4969; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device infrared burner; site Henaoui2013-1; sampling spring. Primary study Henaoui2013: Henaoui, S. E. -A., Bouazza, M., & Amara, M. (2013). The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria). European Scientific Journal, 9, 84-103.
- “time to flaming (s): 32” · score 32 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7791; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling may. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7792; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 26” · score 26 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7793; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling august. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 14” · score 14 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7794; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling september. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 17” · score 17 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7795; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 7796; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling november. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4887” · score 4887 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 7915; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “flammability value: 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 7964; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 88” · score 88 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8186; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling may. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 96” · score 96 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8187; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 92” · score 92 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8188; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling august. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8189; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling september. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 100” · score 100 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8190; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “ignition frequency (%): 99” · score 99 (FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 8191; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling november. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque
- “time to flaming (s): 126” · score 126 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 8968; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 408” · score 408 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 8985; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.
- “time to smoke (s): 15” · score 15 (FLAMITS — time to smoke (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9002; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 249” · score 249 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9019; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.
- “smouldering duration (s): 82” · score 82 (FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9035; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 345” · score 345 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9051; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.
- “time to flaming (s): 7.48” · score 7.48 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9306; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
- “flaming duration (s): 13.96” · score 13.96 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 9324; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
- “flammability value: 5” · score 5 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9342; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 69.33” · score 69.33 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9344; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 79” · score 79 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9345; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 95.5” · score 95.5 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9346; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 109.92” · score 109.92 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9347; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 112.45” · score 112.45 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9348; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “maximum sample temperature (°C): 114.42” · score 114.42 (FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 9349; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “burnt biomass (%): 95.82” · score 95.82 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9350; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “burnt biomass (%): 91.79” · score 91.79 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9351; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “burnt biomass (%): 89.6” · score 89.6 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9352; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “burnt biomass (%): 84.92” · score 84.92 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9353; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “burnt biomass (%): 84.28” · score 84.28 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9354; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “burnt biomass (%): 80.47” · score 80.47 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 9355; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Molina2018: Molina, J. R., Prades, C., Lora, Á., & Silva, F. R. (2018). Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 384-393.
- “flammability value: 3” · score 3 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 13353; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Valette1990-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Valette1990: Valette, J.-C. (1990). Flammabilities of Mediterranean forest species. Effects on the combustibility of the forest communities inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Conséquences sur la combustibilité des formations forestières. Revue forestière française, 42, 76-92.
- “flammability value: 5” · score 5 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 13354; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Valette1990-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Valette1990: Valette, J.-C. (1990). Flammabilities of Mediterranean forest species. Effects on the combustibility of the forest communities inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Conséquences sur la combustibilité des formations forestières. Revue forestière française, 42, 76-92.
- “time to flaming (s): 14.77” · score 14.77 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 13373; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november. Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.
- “time to flaming (s): 12.34” · score 12.34 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 13374; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november. Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.
- “time to flaming (s): 6.52” · score 6.52 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 13375; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november. Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.
- “time to flaming (s): 4.73” · score 4.73 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 13376; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november. Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.
- “time to flaming (s): 3.23” · score 3.23 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 13377; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november. Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.25” · score 2.25 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 13378; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november. Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.
- “time to flaming (s): 28.14” · score 28.14 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 16773; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2019-1; sampling september 2017. Primary study Benhalima2019: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2019). Flammability of certain conifers and oak species of north west Algeria. Proceedings of the X International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2019. Jahorina.
- “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 89.88” · score 89.88 (FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 16774; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2019-1; sampling september 2017. Primary study Benhalima2019: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2019). Flammability of certain conifers and oak species of north west Algeria. Proceedings of the X International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2019. Jahorina.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1796.121145” · score 1796.121145 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 16775; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2019-1; sampling september 2017. Primary study Benhalima2019: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2019). Flammability of certain conifers and oak species of north west Algeria. Proceedings of the X International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2019. Jahorina.
- “burnt biomass (%): 97.02” · score 97.02 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 16776; Consumability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2019-1; sampling september 2017. Primary study Benhalima2019: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2019). Flammability of certain conifers and oak species of north west Algeria. Proceedings of the X International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2019. Jahorina.
- “time to flaming (s): 61” · score 61 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 18334; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Delabraze1974-1; sampling june to september 1974. Primary study Delabraze1974: Delabraze, P., & Valette, J. -C. (1974). Inflammabilitéet combustibilitéde la végétation forestière méditerranéenne. Revue Forestiere Française, 26, 171177.

Fire-resistant trees instead

White ash
Fraxinus americana

Post oak
Quercus stellata

Red oak
Quercus rubra

Basswood
Tilia americana

Red maple
Acer rubrum

Wild black cherry
Prunus serotina

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · ITIS

Quercus suber (Cork oak). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/quercus-suber/. Last verified 2026-08-23.