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English oak

Quercus robur · Fagaceae · all Quercus records

Your local evidence lens

Separate evidence questions, never one approval badge

Set a ZIP to compare this record with state distribution, native range, USDA hardiness, and invasive records.

A genus split is not a placement verdict. Set a ZIP to read the local documented split.

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence: Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions: No test or rating condition is normalized.
Fire ecology context: No section-reviewed fire-ecology context is normalized.
Placement evidence: 3 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions: Catalonia, Spain; Global; Michigan / Great Lakes; New Zealand; Tasmania, Australia; eastern US
Maintenance: No sourced horticultural maintenance assertion is normalized; fire-test conditions do not supply maintenance advice.

Typed publication scope: 1 scope across 1 cited fire source

Wildfire-resistant Landscape Plants for Michigan (Extension Bulletin E2948) · Official scoped edition
- MI; partial normalized coverage · 2007-01-01
  Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E2948 is explicitly a list of wildfire-resistant landscape plants for Michigan and includes a Michigan-native field. FireApproved publishes 221 exact GBIF owners from 226 represented source rows and holds 15 complex or non-exact rows. This dated publication scope is not a current site-suitability determination.

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution: Documented in DC, DE, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, WV.
Native range: No current cited or legacy state native range is normalized.
Introduced / established: 4 sourced range or established records; set a location to match them. This is not an invasive warning.
USDA hardiness: Documented range 4–8.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Legal-list status: Set a location for an exact legal-list result; source silence is not clearance.
Seed-list status: Set a location to compare the separate state noxious-weed seed layer.
Reported invasive here: No ecological invasive report is normalized; that does not prove noninvasiveness.
Broader regional context: Aggregate AK, HI, and L48 evidence is shown only as regional context, never as an exact-state finding.
Federal context: Federal designations remain separate from state legal-list results.

Documented conflict. Curated sources lean toward recommending it (the Eastern US Fire Performance Plant Selector, Michigan's E2948 list and Guía de pirojardinería), but direct fire evidence disagrees (the Tasmania Fire Service list and New Zealand's FENZ laboratory directory). Lab and field results are never outvoted by curation here — read both sides below and treat it conservatively near structures.

▲ the Eastern US Fire Performance Plant Selector ▲ Michigan's E2948 list ▲ Guía de pirojardinería ▼ the Tasmania Fire Service list ▼ New Zealand's FENZ laboratory directory · fire-tested

Computed class: Mixed evidence (disputed) — derived from the cited evidence by a published rule, never hand-assigned. Each chip above is one independent primary-evidence lineage and its direction. No plant is fireproof; condition and placement govern. Zone 0 is hardscape regardless.

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

English oak (Quercus robur) — Photo: (c) Natalya Ivanova, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

Form: tree
USDA hardiness: 4–8
Mature height: ~50 ft
Light: Full sun
Grows in: DC, DE, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY +4
Rated in: Catalonia, Spain; Global; Michigan / Great Lakes; New Zealand +2
Family: Fagaceae
Evidence: 67 cited sources

Native and introduced range evidence

These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval. Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.

Current native

0

exact source areas

Current introduced

3

exact source areas

Qualified

0

doubtful or extinct source rows

3 introduced source areas · World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 16 v16, as of 2026-06-04

Colorado (CO)
Kentucky (KY)
New York (NY)

The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.

Plant hardiness evidence

These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector · record quercus-robur · 2016-wayback · as of 2026-08-26

Source prints 5 · single-value meaning unresolved · whole zone precision · source stated

Source taxon: Quercus robur · exact match.

Source location: Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record.

Not used for comparison: The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.
Wildfire-resistant Landscape Plants for Michigan (Extension Bulletin E2948) · record tree:Quercus robur · New, January 2007 · as of 2026-08-26

4–8 explicit range · whole zone precision · source stated

Source taxon: Quercus robur · exact match.

Source location: Table 1, tree row.

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

Eastern United States Fire Performance Plant Selector: Landscape Zone 3 — 10–30 ft from the structure; thin vegetation, remove debris, and minimize plant massing [Fire Performance Plant Selector landscape zone] (with its recommendation)
Fire Resisting Garden Plants for the Urban Fringe and Rur…: remove from the Building Protection Zone; avoid in the Fuel Modified Zone [Texas Building Protection Zone] (with its avoid rating)
Guía de pirojardinería: suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone [girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability] (with its recommendation)

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Avoids (2)

Fire Resisting Garden Plants for the Urban Fringe and Rural Areas — Tasmania Fire Service (Chladil & Sheridan; photographs Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens) · 2017 · original source Primary evidence Expert-curated lineage: utas-tree

“High Flammability”
Low Flammability Plants directory — Fire and Emergency New Zealand (plant flammability testing at Lincoln University) · 2026 · original source Primary evidence Lab-tested lineage: lincoln-nz-tree

“High flammability”

High flammability classification. On FENZ's high-flammability environmental weeds list (2024 DOC list).

Listed without a rating (62)

FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

62 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4210.17” · score 4210.17 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9798; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling spring. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1026.42” · score 1026.42 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9799; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling summer. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4428.65” · score 4428.65 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9800; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1861.76” · score 1861.76 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9801; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling winter. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4172.16” · score 4172.16 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9802; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling spring. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1589.54” · score 1589.54 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9803; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling summer. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4326.19” · score 4326.19 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9804; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1302.03” · score 1302.03 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 9805; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Nunez1996-1; sampling winter. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “flammability value: 5” · score 5 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9849; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Nunez1996-1; sampling spring. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “flammability value: 5” · score 5 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9858; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Nunez1996-1; sampling summer. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “flammability value: 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9867; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Nunez1996-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “flammability value: 4” · score 4 (FLAMITS — flammability value)
  
  FLAMITS record 9876; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Nunez1996-1; sampling winter. Primary study Nunez1996: Nunez-Regueira, L., Anon, J. A. R., & Castineiras, J. P. (1996). Calorific values and flammability of forest species in Galicia. Coastal and hillside zones. Bioresource Technology, 57, 283-289.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.65” · score 1.65 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14674; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.67” · score 1.67 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14675; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 0.91” · score 0.91 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14676; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 573.5” · score 573.5 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14686; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 574.48” · score 574.48 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14687; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 684.9” · score 684.9 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14688; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 240.78” · score 240.78 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14698; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 219.29” · score 219.29 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14699; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 244.15” · score 244.15 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14700; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.88” · score 1.88 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14707; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.48” · score 1.48 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14708; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 0.92” · score 0.92 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14709; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 2.2” · score 2.2 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14710; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.91” · score 1.91 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14711; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “time to flaming (s): 1.19” · score 1.19 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14712; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 639.75” · score 639.75 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14719; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 631.77” · score 631.77 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14720; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 668.01” · score 668.01 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14721; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 593.11” · score 593.11 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14722; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 581.87” · score 581.87 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14723; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 681.91” · score 681.91 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 14724; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.33” · score 2.33 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14731; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.47” · score 2.47 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14732; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.36” · score 2.36 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14733; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.99” · score 1.99 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14734; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 1.97” · score 1.97 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14735; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “flaming duration (s): 2.44” · score 2.44 (FLAMITS — flaming duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14736; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-1; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.
- “burning duration (s): 43.95” · score 43.95 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14737; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.
- “burning duration (s): 392.1” · score 392.1 (FLAMITS — burning duration (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 14738; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.
- “burnt biomass (%): 8” · score 8 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 14745; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.
- “burnt biomass (%): 6” · score 6 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 14746; Consumability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.
- “burnt biomass (%): 99.05” · score 99.05 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 14753; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.
- “burnt biomass (%): 99.02” · score 99.02 (FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%))
  
  FLAMITS record 14754; Consumability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 209” · score 209 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 19197; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 243” · score 243 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 19198; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 212” · score 212 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 19199; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 226” · score 226 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 19200; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 190” · score 190 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 19201; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “energy flux (kW/m²): 218” · score 218 (FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²))
  
  FLAMITS record 19202; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “time to flaming (s): 30” · score 30 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 19204; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “time to flaming (s): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 19206; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “time to flaming (s): 20” · score 20 (FLAMITS — time to flaming (s))
  
  FLAMITS record 19208; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 514.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 380.54” · score 380.54 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 19539; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 400.44” · score 400.44 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 19540; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 367.23” · score 367.23 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 19548; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “maximum flame temperature (°C): 376.98” · score 376.98 (FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C))
  
  FLAMITS record 19549; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2428.30096” · score 2428.30096 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 19557; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2311.18802” · score 2311.18802 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 19558; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3099.90782” · score 3099.90782 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 19566; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.
- “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2880.0223” · score 2880.0223 (FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg))
  
  FLAMITS record 19567; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Red oak
Quercus rubra

Basswood
Tilia americana

Red maple
Acer rubrum

Wild black cherry
Prunus serotina

White oak
Quercus alba

American beech
Fagus grandifolia

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · ITIS

Quercus robur (English oak). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/quercus-robur/. Last verified 2026-08-23.