FireApproved

United States / Grow / holly oak

holly oak (Quercus ilex)
Photo: (c) Gianni Del Bufalo bygdb, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Gianni Del Bufalo bygdb (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

holly oak

Quercus ilex · Fagaceae · all Quercus records · also called Holm oak · Wikipedia

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Holly oak is not reliably fire resistant: respected sources range from recommending it to calling it extremely flammable.

INRA’s Avignon laboratory assigned it monthly inflammability notes of 0 in May, 3 in June, and 5 in every month from July through April on a 0-to-5 scale. Landscape and Urban Planning also classified it as extremely flammable after testing 200 live-leaf samples. Those samples averaged 72.89% foliar moisture, 9.68 seconds to ignition, and 10.43 seconds of flame.

Two Spanish authorities reached more favorable judgments. The Generalitat Valenciana recommends holly oak among low-flammability native or forest trees for gardens near wildland. Girona’s provincial government and Catalonia’s fire service also rate it recommended. Their garden-suitability method assumes species-specific care and considers fire research together with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and fire-service experience. These are broader landscape judgments, while the two unfavorable studies used laboratory tests.

Other results occupy the middle. Fire and Emergency New Zealand classifies holly oak as moderately flammable. Annals of Forest Science measured fresh and oven-dried shoots, found condition-dependent changes between clusters, and did not reduce them to one overall class. Taken together, the findings leave holly oak genuinely disputed rather than established as fire resistant. It is also flagged as invasive in one jurisdiction, a separate concern to check before planting.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Form
tree
Rated in
Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Mediterranean France / Provence +3
Uses
timber
On this lot

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence
Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions
1 condition stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Placement evidence
1 source placement record; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions
Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Mediterranean France / Provence; New Zealand; Tlemcen Mountains, western Algeria; Valencia, Spain / western Mediterranean

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution
Documented in CA.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

Reported invasive here
1 ecological invasive report.
How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Recommends (2)

Avoids (2)

Mid-scale / conditional (2)

Listed without a rating (204)
Corroboration (204 rows from 1 source)

  • FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

    204 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.

    • Primary study Alessio2008a: Alessio, G. A., Peñuelas, J., De Lillis, M., & Llusià, J. (2008). Implications of foliar terpene content and hydration on leaf flammability of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis. Plant Biology, 10, 123-128.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Alessio2008b-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “temperature at smoke (°C): 99.42”

          FLAMITS record 65.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 362.7”

          FLAMITS record 66.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 503.26”

          FLAMITS record 67.

        • “time to smoke (s): 92.74”

          FLAMITS record 68.

        • “time to flaming (s): 390.47”

          FLAMITS record 70.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 295.46”

        FLAMITS record 69; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Alessio2008b: Alessio, G. A., Peñuelas, J., Llusià, J., Ogaya, R., Estiarte, M., & De Lillis, M. (2008). Influence of water and terpenes on flammability in some dominant Mediterranean species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 274.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Alessio2008a-1.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling november.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 403.55”

          FLAMITS record 77.

        • “time to flaming (s): 445.35”

          FLAMITS record 92.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 380.56”

          FLAMITS record 117.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling january.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 448.87”

          FLAMITS record 78.

        • “time to flaming (s): 510.15”

          FLAMITS record 93.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 398.78”

          FLAMITS record 118.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling may.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 373.66”

          FLAMITS record 79.

        • “time to flaming (s): 332.5”

          FLAMITS record 94.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 339.37”

          FLAMITS record 119.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling june.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 435.17”

          FLAMITS record 80.

        • “time to flaming (s): 295.54”

          FLAMITS record 95.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 463.08”

          FLAMITS record 120.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling july.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 407.25”

          FLAMITS record 81.

        • “time to flaming (s): 315.58”

          FLAMITS record 96.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 400.31”

          FLAMITS record 121.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 309.78”

        FLAMITS record 137; Sustainability measurement; sampling november.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 310.72”

        FLAMITS record 138; Sustainability measurement; sampling january.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 272.55”

        FLAMITS record 139; Sustainability measurement; sampling may.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 260.06”

        FLAMITS record 140; Sustainability measurement; sampling june.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 264.13”

        FLAMITS record 141; Sustainability measurement; sampling july.

    • Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.

      Shared row context: plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND.

      • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

        FLAMITS record 1491; Ignitability measurement.

      • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 460.3”

        FLAMITS record 1685; Combustibility measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 23.9”

        FLAMITS record 1879; Sustainability measurement.

      • “estimated burnt biomass (%): 26.7”

        FLAMITS record 2073; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september.

      • “time to flaming (s): 14”

        FLAMITS record 2296; Ignitability measurement; predrying yes.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying yes.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2937.8”

          FLAMITS record 2306.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 198.33”

          FLAMITS record 2316.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 91.4”

        FLAMITS record 2326; Consumability measurement; predrying yes.

      • “time to flaming (s): 33”

        FLAMITS record 2336; Ignitability measurement; predrying no.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying no.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 353.75”

          FLAMITS record 2346.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 114.75”

          FLAMITS record 2356.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 96.66”

        FLAMITS record 2366; Consumability measurement; predrying no.

    • Primary study DeLillis2009: De Lillis, M., Bianco, P. M., & Loreto, F. (2009). The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 203-212.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site DeLillis2009-1; sampling june to september.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 392.84”

        FLAMITS record 2377.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 396.91”

        FLAMITS record 2378.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 375.8”

        FLAMITS record 2379.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 576.26”

        FLAMITS record 2380.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 463.3”

        FLAMITS record 2381.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 522.12”

        FLAMITS record 2382.

      • “temperature at flaming (°C): 421.13”

        FLAMITS record 2383.

      • “temperature at smoke (°C): 112.36”

        FLAMITS record 2399.

      • “temperature at smoke (°C): 117.06”

        FLAMITS record 2400.

      • “temperature at smoke (°C): 112.17”

        FLAMITS record 2401.

      • “temperature at smoke (°C): 111.16”

        FLAMITS record 2402.

      • “temperature at smoke (°C): 116.08”

        FLAMITS record 2403.

      • “temperature at smoke (°C): 108.35”

        FLAMITS record 2404.

    • Primary study DellaRocca2018: Della Rocca, G., Danti, R., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2018). Flammability of Two Mediterranean Mixed Forests: Study of the Non-additive Effect of Fuel Mixtures in Laboratory. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 825.

      Shared row context: fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site DellaRocca2018-1; sampling september.

      • “time to flaming (s): 18.3”

        FLAMITS record 2581; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 166.8”

          FLAMITS record 2582.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1958.53”

          FLAMITS record 2583.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.12”

          FLAMITS record 2584.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 92.7”

        FLAMITS record 2585; Consumability measurement; plant part twigs.

      • “time to flaming (s): 26”

        FLAMITS record 2601; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; plant part litter.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 232.5”

          FLAMITS record 2602.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3200.53”

          FLAMITS record 2603.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13”

          FLAMITS record 2604.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 84.6”

        FLAMITS record 2605; Consumability measurement; plant part litter.

      • “time to flaming (s): 104”

        FLAMITS record 2619; Ignitability measurement; plant part bark.

      • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 37.2”

        FLAMITS record 2620; Combustibility measurement; plant part bark.

      • “flaming duration (s): 90.3”

        FLAMITS record 2621; Sustainability measurement; plant part bark.

    • Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2001: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., & Panov, P. I. (2001). Pyric properties of some dominant Mediterranean vegetation species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10, 23-27.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2001-1; sampling december.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4945.02”

        FLAMITS record 2958; plant part leaves.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4674.95”

        FLAMITS record 2963; plant part stems.

    • Primary study Doat1981: Doat, J., Valette, J. C., Askri, D., Caumartin, L., Bettachini, M., & Moro, M. (1981). Le pouvoir calorifique supérieur d'espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Annales des Sciences forestières, 38, 469-486.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Doat1981-1; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4849”

        FLAMITS record 3101.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4868”

        FLAMITS record 3102.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4810”

        FLAMITS record 3103.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4770”

        FLAMITS record 3104.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4810”

        FLAMITS record 3105.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4810”

        FLAMITS record 3106.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4806”

        FLAMITS record 3107.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4801”

        FLAMITS record 3108.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4830”

        FLAMITS record 3109.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4793”

        FLAMITS record 3110.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4686”

        FLAMITS record 3111.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4737”

        FLAMITS record 3112.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4878”

        FLAMITS record 3113.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4875”

        FLAMITS record 3114.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4858”

        FLAMITS record 3115.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4854”

        FLAMITS record 3116.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4845”

        FLAMITS record 3117.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4937”

        FLAMITS record 3118.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4979”

        FLAMITS record 3119.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4869”

        FLAMITS record 3120.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4850”

        FLAMITS record 3121.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4970”

        FLAMITS record 3122.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4952”

        FLAMITS record 3123.

    • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4600.17”

      FLAMITS record 3914; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.

    • Primary study Kauf2014: Kauf, Z., Fangmeier, A., Rosavec, R., & Španjol, Ž. (2014). Testing Vegetation Flammability: The Problem of Extremely Low Ignition Frequency and Overall Flammability Score. Journal of Combustion, 2014, 1-10.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kauf2014-1; sampling may.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.34”

          FLAMITS record 5562.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 409.4”

          FLAMITS record 5578.

      • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 561”

        FLAMITS record 5570; Combustibility measurement.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “flaming duration (s): 34.25”

          FLAMITS record 5586.

        • “burning duration (s): 45.6”

          FLAMITS record 5594.

    • Primary study Kauf2015: Kauf, Z., Fangmeier, A., Rosavec, R., & Španjol, Ž. (2015). Seasonal and local differences in leaf litter flammability of six Mediterranean tree species. environmental management, 55, 687-701.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; sampling may, july, september and october.

      • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 558.42”

        FLAMITS record 5600; Combustibility measurement; site Kauf2015-1.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-1.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 406.47”

          FLAMITS record 5606.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.96”

          FLAMITS record 5620.

      • “time to flaming (s): 8.76”

        FLAMITS record 5621; Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-2.

      • “time to flaming (s): 11.79”

        FLAMITS record 5622; Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-3.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-1.

        • “flaming duration (s): 38.75”

          FLAMITS record 5636.

        • “burning duration (s): 50.46”

          FLAMITS record 5652.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-2.

        • “flaming duration (s): 37.55”

          FLAMITS record 5637.

        • “burning duration (s): 46.11”

          FLAMITS record 5653.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-3.

        • “flaming duration (s): 36.01”

          FLAMITS record 5638.

        • “burning duration (s): 47.24”

          FLAMITS record 5654.

    • Primary study Madrigal2011a: Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., & Marino, E. (2011a). Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels. Fire Technology, 47, 461-474.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Madrigal2011a-1; sampling ND.

      • “flaming duration (s): 35”

        FLAMITS record 7332; Sustainability measurement.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 438”

          FLAMITS record 7352.

        • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.06”

          FLAMITS record 7392.

        • “total heat release (MJ/m²): 23.94”

          FLAMITS record 7412.

      • “time to flaming (s): 17”

        FLAMITS record 7372; Ignitability measurement.

    • Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling january.

        • “time to flaming (s): 15”

          FLAMITS record 7767.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10”

          FLAMITS record 7779.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8162.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8174.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling february.

        • “time to flaming (s): 19”

          FLAMITS record 7768.

        • “time to flaming (s): 18”

          FLAMITS record 7780.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8163.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8175.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling march.

        • “time to flaming (s): 19”

          FLAMITS record 7769.

        • “time to flaming (s): 15”

          FLAMITS record 7781.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8164.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8176.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling april.

        • “time to flaming (s): 14”

          FLAMITS record 7770.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12”

          FLAMITS record 7782.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8165.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8177.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling may.

        • “time to flaming (s): 17”

          FLAMITS record 7771.

        • “time to flaming (s): 16”

          FLAMITS record 7783.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8166.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8178.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling june.

        • “time to flaming (s): 16”

          FLAMITS record 7772.

        • “time to flaming (s): 13”

          FLAMITS record 7784.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8167.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8179.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling july.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10”

          FLAMITS record 7773.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8”

          FLAMITS record 7785.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8168.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8180.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling august.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9”

          FLAMITS record 7774.

        • “time to flaming (s): 7”

          FLAMITS record 7786.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8169.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8181.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling september.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11”

          FLAMITS record 7775.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12”

          FLAMITS record 7787.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8170.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8182.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling october.

        • “time to flaming (s): 14”

          FLAMITS record 7776.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11”

          FLAMITS record 7788.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8171.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8183.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling november.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12”

          FLAMITS record 7777.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12”

          FLAMITS record 7789.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8172.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8184.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling december.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12”

          FLAMITS record 7778.

        • “time to flaming (s): 12”

          FLAMITS record 7790.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8173.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 8185.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling ND.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4817”

          FLAMITS record 7913.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 1715”

          FLAMITS record 7914.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Martin1989-5; sampling ND.

        • “flammability value: 4”

          FLAMITS record 7962.

        • “flammability value: 5”

          FLAMITS record 7963.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4789”

        FLAMITS record 8275; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-1; sampling spring.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4766”

        FLAMITS record 8276; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-1; sampling summer.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4725”

        FLAMITS record 8277; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-1; sampling autumn.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4877”

        FLAMITS record 8278; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-1; sampling winter.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4823.5”

        FLAMITS record 8279; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-2; sampling spring.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4601.5”

        FLAMITS record 8280; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-2; sampling summer.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4744.5”

        FLAMITS record 8281; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-2; sampling autumn.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4959.5”

        FLAMITS record 8282; Combustibility measurement; site Martin1989-2; sampling winter.

    • Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 103”

          FLAMITS record 8952.

        • “time to flaming (s): 111”

          FLAMITS record 8957.

        • “time to smoke (s): 10”

          FLAMITS record 8986.

        • “time to smoke (s): 14”

          FLAMITS record 8991.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 408”

          FLAMITS record 8969.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 412”

          FLAMITS record 8974.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 246”

          FLAMITS record 9003.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 248”

          FLAMITS record 9008.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 341”

          FLAMITS record 9036.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 336”

          FLAMITS record 9041.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 65”

          FLAMITS record 9020.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 64”

          FLAMITS record 9025.

    • Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 9.68”

          FLAMITS record 9305.

        • “flammability value: 5”

          FLAMITS record 9341.

      • “flaming duration (s): 10.43”

        FLAMITS record 9323; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Rosavec2013: Rosavec, R., Šikic, Z., Španjol, Ž., & Barcic, D. (2013). Utjecaj meteoroloških ?imbenika na zapaljivost nekih sredozemnih vrsta. Šumarski list, 137, 583-590.

      Shared row context: Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; sampling june.

      • “flaming duration (s): 12.37”

        FLAMITS record 11623; site Rosavec2013-1.

      • “flaming duration (s): 11.43”

        FLAMITS record 11624; site Rosavec2013-2.

    • Primary study Saura2010: Saura-Mas, S., Paula, S., Pausas, J. G,. & Lloret, F. (2010). Fuel loading and flammability in the Mediterranean Basin woody species with different post-fire regenerative strategies. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19, 783.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Saura2010-1; sampling august.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 534.22”

          FLAMITS record 12140.

        • “time to smoke (s): 75.9”

          FLAMITS record 12206.

        • “temperature at smoke (°C): 118.4”

          FLAMITS record 12243.

        • “time to smouldering (s): 223.5”

          FLAMITS record 12279.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 315.4”

          FLAMITS record 12315.

      • “flaming duration (s): 348.2”

        FLAMITS record 12172; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Valette1990: Valette, J.-C. (1990). Flammabilities of Mediterranean forest species. Effects on the combustibility of the forest communities inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Conséquences sur la combustibilité des formations forestières. Revue forestière française, 42, 76-92.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Valette1990-1; sampling june to september.

      • “flammability value: 0”

        FLAMITS record 13349.

      • “flammability value: 5”

        FLAMITS record 13350.

    • Primary study Rosavec2022: Rosavec, R., Bar?i?, D., Španjol, Ž., Oršani?, M., Dubravac, T., & Antonovi?, A. (2022). Flammability and Combustibility of Two Mediterranean Species in Relation to Forest Fires in Croatia. Forests, 13, 1266.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Rosavec2022-1; sampling between 2017 to 2019.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 5.29”

          FLAMITS record 16442.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.22”

          FLAMITS record 16444.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “flaming duration (s): 6.05”

          FLAMITS record 16443.

        • “flaming duration (s): 9.64”

          FLAMITS record 16445.

    • Primary study Benhalima2019: Benhalima, Y., & Dehane, B. (2019). Flammability of certain conifers and oak species of north west Algeria. Proceedings of the X International Scientific Agricultural Symposium “Agrosym 2019”. Jahorina.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Benhalima2019-1; sampling september 2017.

      • “time to flaming (s): 31.85”

        FLAMITS record 16777; Ignitability measurement.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 109.07”

          FLAMITS record 16778.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 2054.074714”

          FLAMITS record 16779.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 96.52”

        FLAMITS record 16780; Consumability measurement.

Fire-resistant trees instead

quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides sweetgum
Liquidambar styraciflua Lombardy poplar
Populus nigra 'Italica' boxelder
Acer negundo honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos stiffleaf cheesewood
Pittosporum crassifolium

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Same genus in the directory · the Quercus group page

Last verified 2026-08-23. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · Wikipedia · ITIS

Quercus ilex (Holm oak). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/quercus-ilex/. Last verified 2026-08-23.