Enter your ZIP to see whether this is legal to plant in your state, and whether it survives your winter.
Form
tree
Mature height
~60 ft
Water need
high
Rated in
Global
On this lot
1. Fire evidence and conditions
Fire evidence
Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions
Fire ecology context
Placement evidence
Evidence regions
Global
Maintenance
2. Why this plant is relevant here
State distribution
Documented in CO, CT, IA, IL, IN, KY, MA, ME, MI, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, VA, VT, WA, WI.
Native range
Current cited native range in AK.
Introduced / established
12 sourced range or established records. This is not an invasive warning.
USDA hardiness
Documented minimum 3b; no upper limit is documented.
3. Legal, ecological, and broader status
Legal-list status
Seed-list status
Reported invasive here
Broader regional context
Federal context
How to read this page
The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.
Native and introduced range evidence
These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and
introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval.
Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.
The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.
Plant hardiness evidence
These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA
Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value
is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping
statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.
Source prints 4 · single-value meaning unresolved · whole zone precision · source stated
Source taxon: Betula pendula · exact match.
Source location: Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record.
Not used for comparison: The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.
Source location: PlantCharacteristics record 70017, Temperature, Minimum (°F).
The evidence
Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself
(a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or
republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.
Listed without a rating (38)Corroboration (38 rows from 1 source)
38 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
Primary study Shan2008: Shan, Y., Liu, N., & Shu, L. (2008). Flammability ranking of foliage species by factor analysis of physical and chemical pyric properties. Fire and Materials: An International Journal, 32, 371-382.
Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; site Shan2008-1; sampling ND.
“temperature at flaming (°C): 268”
FLAMITS record 12552; Ignitability measurement; device ignition temperature tester.
“calorific value (kcal/kg): 4986.13”
FLAMITS record 12553; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.
Primary study Yang2023: Yang, W., Bakar, B. A., Mamat, H., Gong, L., & Nursyamsi, N. (2023). A Laboratory-Scale Study of Selected Chinese Typical Flammable Wildland Timbers Ignition Formation Mechanism. Fire, 6, 20
Shared row context: plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Yang2023-3; sampling ND.
