FireApproved

United States / Grow / strawberry tree

strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo)
Photo: (c) B. Phalan, some rights reserved (CC BY) (CC BY), via iNaturalist. Species-typical, not necessarily this cultivar.

strawberry tree

Arbutus unedo · Ericaceae · all Arbutus records · Wikipedia

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Is this one for your yard?

Enter your ZIP to see whether this is legal to plant in your state, and whether it survives your winter.

Fire-resistant trees instead

Form
tree
Rated in
British Columbia; California; Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain +8
Uses
fruit
On this lot

1. Fire evidence and conditions

Fire evidence
Mixed evidence — location does not change the cited classification.
Fire-performance conditions
2 conditions stated in cited fire-evidence rows.
Placement evidence
6 source placement records; source schemes remain separate.
Evidence regions
British Columbia; California; Catalonia, Spain; Córdoba, southern Spain; Global; Marin County, California; Mediterranean France / Provence; New Zealand; North Carolina / southeastern US; Tlemcen Mountains, western Algeria; Tlemcen, western Algeria; Valencia, Spain / western Mediterranean
Typed publication scope: 3 scopes across 3 cited fire sources

2. Why this plant is relevant here

State distribution
Documented in WA.
Introduced / established
1 sourced range or established record. This is not an invasive warning.
USDA hardiness
Documented range 7a–10b.

3. Legal, ecological, and broader status

How to read this page

The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.

Plant hardiness evidence

These values describe the plant source. Your ZIP zone comes from the separate 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Whole-zone values stay whole-zone, and a single unresolved value is not treated as a tolerance range. Different source boundaries stay separate: overlapping statements are compared independently, while only ranges with no shared zone are called a conflict.

Conditions in the fire evidence

These describe tested or rated plant material. They are not horticultural maintenance instructions.

Where its sources say to plant it

Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating. They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.

The evidence

Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself (a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.

Recommends (8)

Corroboration (6 rows from 6 sources)

  • FireSmart BC Plant Program — fire-resistant plant chart — FireSmart BC · original source Corroboration Compilation lineage: firesmart-bc-plant-database

    “FireSmart-approved fire-resistant plant”

    Flagged by FireSmart BC as needing more research.

  • Fire-Resistant Plants Common to Marin County — Fire Safe Marin · 2019 · original source Corroboration Expert-curated lineage: partially-independent

    “listed as fire-resistant” · condition: irrigated

    Fire Safe Marin lists this taxon among fire-resistant plants common to Marin County.

  • North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox — plant profiles and flammability ratings — NC State Extension (plants.ces.ncsu.edu) · live facet capture accessed 2026-08-23 · original source Corroboration Expert-curated lineage: bardon-2005 (partial)

    “low flammability” · original source

    NC Toolbox facet capture lists "Arbutus unedo" under the low flammability tag.

  • Defensible Space Landscaping in the Urban/Wildland Interface: A Compilation of Fire Performance Ratings of Residential Landscape Plants — University of California Forest Products Laboratory · Internal Report 36.01.137 (July 1997) · original source Corroboration Compilation lineage: ucfpl-berkeley

    “RECOMMENDED by 11 references for use in high fire risk areas.”

    1997 Landscape Vegetation Database row: Arbutus unedo (Strawberry tree). Preserved UCFPL transcription marker: F11.

  • Les franges perimetrals de protecció contra els incendis forestals — Diputació de Barcelona and CREAF · 2025 web edition · original source Corroboration Regulation lineage: gencat-decret-123-2005

    “Cal mantenir prioritàriament les espècies menys inflamables. — Arboç — Arbutus unedo”

    The guide says to maintain this printed taxon first among the less-flammable species when opening and maintaining perimeter protection strips.

  • Fire Performance of Common Plants (Guide to Plants) — Diablo Firesafe Council · live page captured 2026-08-29 · original source Corroboration Mirror lineage: ucfpl-berkeley resolves to Defensible Space Landscaping in the Urban/Wildland Interface: A Compilation of Fire Performance Ratings of Residential Landscape Plants

    “Table 1: favorable fire performance rating in 3 or more references (refs 8,9,11,12,17,25,30,40,41,42,53)”

    The Diablo Firesafe Council Guide to Plants lists Arbutus unedo (Strawberry tree) as tree, evergreen, in Table 1: plants with a favorable fire performance rating in 3 or more references. The guide cites 11 of its 57 numbered references for this row (8,9,11,12,17,25,30,40,41,42,53). The guide states the ranking terms in its underlying references were mostly undefined and makes no attempt to rank within the list, and that fire performance is compromised without maintenance.

Avoids (2)

Mid-scale / conditional (3)

Listed without a rating (176)
Corroboration (176 rows from 1 source)

  • FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database — Dryad / Global Ecology and Biogeography · Dryad version 9 · original source Corroboration Trait database lineage: meta-aggregator

    176 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.

    • Primary study Alessio2008b: Alessio, G. A., Peñuelas, J., Llusià, J., Ogaya, R., Estiarte, M., & De Lillis, M. (2008). Influence of water and terpenes on flammability in some dominant Mediterranean species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 274.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Alessio2008a-1.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling november.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 404.33”

          FLAMITS record 82.

        • “time to flaming (s): 457.28”

          FLAMITS record 102.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 317.08”

          FLAMITS record 112.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling january.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 525.88”

          FLAMITS record 83.

        • “time to flaming (s): 480.35”

          FLAMITS record 103.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 394.85”

          FLAMITS record 113.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling may.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 421.74”

          FLAMITS record 84.

        • “time to flaming (s): 485.5”

          FLAMITS record 104.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 334.19”

          FLAMITS record 114.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling june.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 498.32”

          FLAMITS record 85.

        • “time to flaming (s): 426.54”

          FLAMITS record 105.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 437.2”

          FLAMITS record 115.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling july.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 471.18”

          FLAMITS record 86.

        • “time to flaming (s): 383.58”

          FLAMITS record 106.

        • “temperature at smouldering (°C): 370.53”

          FLAMITS record 116.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 293.11”

        FLAMITS record 132; Sustainability measurement; sampling november.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 324.33”

        FLAMITS record 133; Sustainability measurement; sampling january.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 288.53”

        FLAMITS record 134; Sustainability measurement; sampling may.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 251.18”

        FLAMITS record 135; Sustainability measurement; sampling june.

      • “smouldering duration (s): 283.06”

        FLAMITS record 136; Sustainability measurement; sampling july.

    • Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.

      Shared row context: plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND.

      • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

        FLAMITS record 1337; Ignitability measurement.

      • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 648.8”

        FLAMITS record 1531; Combustibility measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 30”

        FLAMITS record 1725; Sustainability measurement.

      • “estimated burnt biomass (%): 43.3”

        FLAMITS record 1919; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study Dehane2017: Dehane, B., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., & Madrigal, J. (2017). Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 60.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; device calorimeter; site Dehane2017-1; sampling september.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying yes.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3176.65”

          FLAMITS record 2299.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 219.1”

          FLAMITS record 2309.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 94.4”

        FLAMITS record 2319; Consumability measurement; predrying yes.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; predrying no.

        • “time to flaming (s): 26”

          FLAMITS record 2329.

        • “time to flaming (s): 8”

          FLAMITS record 2369.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; predrying no.

        • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 326.67”

          FLAMITS record 2339.

        • “maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 87.67”

          FLAMITS record 2349.

      • “burnt biomass (%): 96.39”

        FLAMITS record 2359; Consumability measurement; predrying no.

    • Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2001: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., & Panov, P. I. (2001). Pyric properties of some dominant Mediterranean vegetation species. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10, 23-27.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2001-1; sampling december.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5846.08”

        FLAMITS record 2956; plant part leaves.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4557.83”

        FLAMITS record 2969; plant part stems.

    • Primary study Doat1981: Doat, J., Valette, J. C., Askri, D., Caumartin, L., Bettachini, M., & Moro, M. (1981). Le pouvoir calorifique supérieur d'espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Annales des Sciences forestières, 38, 469-486.

      Shared row context: Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Doat1981-1; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5040”

        FLAMITS record 3078.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5017”

        FLAMITS record 3079.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4924”

        FLAMITS record 3080.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4945”

        FLAMITS record 3081.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4930”

        FLAMITS record 3082.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4935”

        FLAMITS record 3083.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5044”

        FLAMITS record 3084.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5052”

        FLAMITS record 3085.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5016”

        FLAMITS record 3086.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5028”

        FLAMITS record 3087.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4848”

        FLAMITS record 3088.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4880”

        FLAMITS record 3089.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4917”

        FLAMITS record 3090.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4916”

        FLAMITS record 3091.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4944”

        FLAMITS record 3092.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4954”

        FLAMITS record 3093.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4986”

        FLAMITS record 3094.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5045”

        FLAMITS record 3095.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5058”

        FLAMITS record 3096.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5042”

        FLAMITS record 3097.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5045”

        FLAMITS record 3098.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5041”

        FLAMITS record 3099.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5075”

        FLAMITS record 3100.

    • Primary study Essaghi2017: Essaghi, S., Hachmi, M. H., Yessef, M., Dehhaoui, M., & El Amarty, F. (2017). Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. Forests, 8, 443.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Essaghi2017-4; sampling january.

      • “flammability value: 7.77”

        FLAMITS record 3304.

      • “flammability value: 15.39”

        FLAMITS record 3317.

    • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 4755.42”

      FLAMITS record 3941; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.

    • Primary study Guijarro2002: Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Díez, C., Martínez, E., Madrigal, J., Lampin-Cabaret, C., ... Vega, J. (2002). Flammability of some fuel beds common in the South-European ecosystems. IV International Conference Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Guijarro2002-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.92”

          FLAMITS record 4646.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 32”

          FLAMITS record 4669.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.92”

          FLAMITS record 4677.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.09”

          FLAMITS record 4659.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.09”

          FLAMITS record 4685.

    • Primary study Hachmi2011: Hachmi, M. H., Sesbou, A., Benjelloun, H., El Handouz, N., & Bouanane, F. (2011). A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels. Journal of Combustion, 2011, 1-11.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Hachmi2011-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 6.3”

          FLAMITS record 4697.

        • “flammability value: 2.38”

          FLAMITS record 4795.

      • “flame height (cm): 14”

        FLAMITS record 4729; Combustibility measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 12.3”

        FLAMITS record 4730; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Henaoui2013: Henaoui, S. E. -A., Bouazza, M., & Amara, M. (2013). The fire risk of the plant groupings with Cistus in the area of Tlemcen (Western Algeria). European Scientific Journal, 9, 84-103.

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device infrared burner; site Henaoui2013-1; sampling spring.

      • “flame height (cm): 23.03”

        FLAMITS record 4871; Combustibility measurement.

      • “time to flaming (s): 22.46”

        FLAMITS record 4909; Ignitability measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 103.72”

        FLAMITS record 4947; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Kauf2014: Kauf, Z., Fangmeier, A., Rosavec, R., & Španjol, Ž. (2014). Testing Vegetation Flammability: The Problem of Extremely Low Ignition Frequency and Overall Flammability Score. Journal of Combustion, 2014, 1-10.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kauf2014-1; sampling may.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.06”

          FLAMITS record 5555.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 402.8”

          FLAMITS record 5571.

      • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 548.6”

        FLAMITS record 5563; Combustibility measurement.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “flaming duration (s): 31.16”

          FLAMITS record 5579.

        • “burning duration (s): 41.23”

          FLAMITS record 5587.

    • Primary study Kauf2015: Kauf, Z., Fangmeier, A., Rosavec, R., & Španjol, Ž. (2015). Seasonal and local differences in leaf litter flammability of six Mediterranean tree species. environmental management, 55, 687-701.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device epiradiator; sampling may, july, september and october.

      • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 561.26”

        FLAMITS record 5595; Combustibility measurement; site Kauf2015-1.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-1.

        • “temperature at flaming (°C): 408.65”

          FLAMITS record 5601.

        • “time to flaming (s): 13.95”

          FLAMITS record 5607.

      • “time to flaming (s): 12.4”

        FLAMITS record 5608; Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-2.

      • “time to flaming (s): 10.3”

        FLAMITS record 5609; Ignitability measurement; site Kauf2015-3.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-1.

        • “flaming duration (s): 33.86”

          FLAMITS record 5623.

        • “burning duration (s): 47.86”

          FLAMITS record 5639.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-2.

        • “flaming duration (s): 33.86”

          FLAMITS record 5624.

        • “burning duration (s): 46.51”

          FLAMITS record 5640.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; site Kauf2015-3.

        • “flaming duration (s): 33.61”

          FLAMITS record 5625.

        • “burning duration (s): 43.92”

          FLAMITS record 5641.

    • Primary study Liodakis2002: Liodakis, S., Bakirtzis, D., & Lois, E. (2002). TG and autoignition studies on forest fuels. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 69, 519-528.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Liodakis2002-2; sampling january.

      • “time to flaming (s): 45”

        FLAMITS record 6651.

      • “time to flaming (s): 28”

        FLAMITS record 6652.

      • “time to flaming (s): 29”

        FLAMITS record 6653.

      • “time to flaming (s): 23”

        FLAMITS record 6654.

      • “time to flaming (s): 22”

        FLAMITS record 6655.

      • “time to flaming (s): 20”

        FLAMITS record 6656.

      • “time to flaming (s): 16”

        FLAMITS record 6657.

      • “time to flaming (s): 13”

        FLAMITS record 6658.

      • “time to flaming (s): 12”

        FLAMITS record 6659.

      • “time to flaming (s): 10”

        FLAMITS record 6660.

      • “time to flaming (s): 9”

        FLAMITS record 6661.

    • Primary study Liodakis2006b: Liodakis, S., & Kakardakis, T. (2006b). Measuring the Particle Flammability of Forest Species from Wildland/Urban Inter-face (WUI) near Athens by Thermal Analysis. First International Symposium on Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area. Corte-Ajaccio, France

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; site Liodakis2006b-1; sampling ND.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 3080”

        FLAMITS record 6743; Combustibility measurement; device calorimeter.

      • “time to flaming (s): 1572”

        FLAMITS record 6750; Ignitability measurement; device thermal analyzer.

      • “maximum sample temperature (°C): 296.8”

        FLAMITS record 6757; Combustibility measurement; device thermal analyzer.

      • “burning duration (s): 336”

        FLAMITS record 6764; Sustainability measurement; device thermal analyzer.

    • Primary study Liodakis2011: Liodakis, S., Agiovlasitis, I.P., Kakardakis, T., Tzamtzis, N., Vorisis, D., & Lois, E. (2011). Determining hazard risk indices for Mediterranean forest species based on particle flammability properties. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 116-124.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; site Liodakis2011-1.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.

        • “time to flaming (s): 5.66”

          FLAMITS record 6887.

        • “time to flaming (s): 6.23”

          FLAMITS record 6923.

        • “time to flaming (s): 5.44”

          FLAMITS record 6959.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.

        • “flame intensity (kW/m): 80.38”

          FLAMITS record 6893.

        • “flame height (cm): 2.68”

          FLAMITS record 6917.

        • “flame height (cm): 3.87”

          FLAMITS record 6941.

        • “flame intensity (kW/m): 182”

          FLAMITS record 6947.

        • “flame height (cm): 4.67”

          FLAMITS record 6977.

        • “flame intensity (kW/m): 190.02”

          FLAMITS record 6983.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.

        • “flaming duration (s): 289.01”

          FLAMITS record 6899.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.04”

          FLAMITS record 6911.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.06”

          FLAMITS record 6929.

        • “flaming duration (s): 150.01”

          FLAMITS record 6935.

        • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.09”

          FLAMITS record 6965.

        • “flaming duration (s): 123.6”

          FLAMITS record 6971.

      • Shared measurement context: Consumability measurement; device burning bench; sampling all seasons.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 60.24”

          FLAMITS record 6905.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 74.99”

          FLAMITS record 6953.

        • “burnt biomass (%): 66.7”

          FLAMITS record 6989.

      • “flammability value: 2”

        FLAMITS record 6996; Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling spring.

      • “flammability value: 4”

        FLAMITS record 7003; Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling summer.

      • “flammability value: 1”

        FLAMITS record 7010; Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling autumn.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; device calorimeter; sampling all seasons.

        • “flammability value: 1”

          FLAMITS record 7017.

        • “flammability value: 2”

          FLAMITS record 7024.

        • “flammability value: 2”

          FLAMITS record 7031.

    • Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque

      Shared row context: plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-2.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling march.

        • “time to flaming (s): 20”

          FLAMITS record 7584.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 47”

          FLAMITS record 7984.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling may.

        • “time to flaming (s): 20”

          FLAMITS record 7585.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 93”

          FLAMITS record 7985.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling july.

        • “time to flaming (s): 23”

          FLAMITS record 7586.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 96”

          FLAMITS record 7986.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling august.

        • “time to flaming (s): 17”

          FLAMITS record 7587.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 7987.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling september.

        • “time to flaming (s): 18”

          FLAMITS record 7588.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 100”

          FLAMITS record 7988.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling november.

        • “time to flaming (s): 18”

          FLAMITS record 7589.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 92”

          FLAMITS record 7989.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement; sampling december.

        • “time to flaming (s): 21”

          FLAMITS record 7590.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 91”

          FLAMITS record 7983.

      • “calorific value (kcal/kg): 5113”

        FLAMITS record 7881; Combustibility measurement; sampling ND.

      • “flammability value: 2”

        FLAMITS record 7928; Ignitability measurement; sampling ND.

    • Primary study Massari1998: Massari, G., & Leopaldi, A. (1998). Leaf flammability in Mediterranean species. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132, 29-38.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Massari1998-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 219”

          FLAMITS record 8958.

        • “time to flaming (s): 171”

          FLAMITS record 8962.

        • “time to smoke (s): 22”

          FLAMITS record 8992.

        • “time to smoke (s): 18”

          FLAMITS record 8996.

      • Shared measurement context: Combustibility measurement.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 479”

          FLAMITS record 8975.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 463”

          FLAMITS record 8979.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 253”

          FLAMITS record 9009.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 251”

          FLAMITS record 9013.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 359”

          FLAMITS record 9042.

        • “maximum flame temperature (°C): 355”

          FLAMITS record 9046.

      • Shared measurement context: Sustainability measurement.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 113”

          FLAMITS record 9026.

        • “smouldering duration (s): 87”

          FLAMITS record 9030.

    • Primary study Michelaki2020: Michelaki, C., Fyllas, N. M., Galanidis, A., Aloupi, M., Evangelou, E., Arianoutsou, M., & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2020). Adaptive flammability syndromes in thermo-Mediterranean vegetation, captured by alternative resource-use strategies. Science of The Total Environment, 718, 137437.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Michelaki2020-2; sampling spring.

      • “time to flaming (s): 911”

        FLAMITS record 9190; Ignitability measurement.

      • “burning duration (s): 334”

        FLAMITS record 9191; Sustainability measurement.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0”

        FLAMITS record 9192; Combustibility measurement.

      • “estimated burnt biomass (%): 94.8”

        FLAMITS record 9193; Consumability measurement.

    • Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.

      Shared row context: plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “time to flaming (s): 10.6”

          FLAMITS record 9291.

        • “flammability value: 5”

          FLAMITS record 9327.

      • “flaming duration (s): 10.1”

        FLAMITS record 9309; Sustainability measurement.

    • Primary study Rosavec2013: Rosavec, R., Šikic, Z., Španjol, Ž., & Barcic, D. (2013). Utjecaj meteoroloških ?imbenika na zapaljivost nekih sredozemnih vrsta. Šumarski list, 137, 583-590.

      Shared row context: Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; sampling june.

      • “flaming duration (s): 10.4”

        FLAMITS record 11629; site Rosavec2013-1.

      • “flaming duration (s): 9.52”

        FLAMITS record 11630; site Rosavec2013-2.

    • Primary study Valette1990: Valette, J.-C. (1990). Flammabilities of Mediterranean forest species. Effects on the combustibility of the forest communities inflammabilités des espèces forestières méditerranéennes. Conséquences sur la combustibilité des formations forestières. Revue forestière française, 42, 76-92.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Valette1990-1; sampling june to september.

      • “flammability value: 3”

        FLAMITS record 13308.

      • “flammability value: 3”

        FLAMITS record 13309.

    • Primary study Valette1992: Valette, J. C. (1992). Inflammabilities of Mediterranean species. In P. Balabanis, R. Eftichidir & R. Fantechi (Eds.), Forest fire risk and management: European school of climatology and natural hazard course. (pp. 51-64). Halkidiki, GR: General Directorate for Science, Research and Development of the European Commission.

      Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Valette1992-1; sampling may to november.

      • “time to flaming (s): 12.22”

        FLAMITS record 13379.

      • “time to flaming (s): 8.86”

        FLAMITS record 13380.

      • “time to flaming (s): 4.74”

        FLAMITS record 13381.

      • “time to flaming (s): 4.43”

        FLAMITS record 13382.

      • “time to flaming (s): 2.57”

        FLAMITS record 13383.

    • “time to flaming (s): 87”

      FLAMITS record 18330; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Delabraze1974-1; sampling august to september 1974. Primary study Delabraze1974: Delabraze, P., & Valette, J. -C. (1974). Inflammabilitéet combustibilitéde la végétation forestière méditerranéenne. Revue Forestiere Française, 26, 171–177.

    • Primary study Ganteaume2009: Ganteaume, A., Lampin-Maillet, C., Guijarro, M., Hernando, C., Jappiot, M., Fonturbel, T., ... Vega, J.A. (2009). Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 951-969.

      Shared row context: plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2009-1; sampling ND.

      • Shared measurement context: Ignitability measurement.

        • “ignition frequency (%): 65”

          FLAMITS record 19823.

        • “time to flaming (s): 11.92”

          FLAMITS record 19824.

      • “rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.09”

        FLAMITS record 19825; Sustainability measurement.

      • “mass loss rate (g/s): 0.69”

        FLAMITS record 19826; Combustibility measurement.

Fire-resistant trees instead

northern red oak
Quercus rubra quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides red maple
Acer rubrum black cherry
Prunus serotina European beech
Fagus sylvatica sugar maple
Acer saccharum

Fire-resistant trees listed above

Same genus in the directory · the Arbutus group page

Last verified 2026-08-26. JSON (CC BY 4.0)

Profiles: USDA PLANTS · GBIF · iNaturalist · Wikidata · Wikipedia · ITIS

Arbutus unedo (Strawberry tree). FireApproved. https://fireapproved.com/plants/arbutus-unedo/. Last verified 2026-08-26.