Documented in AL, AR, CA, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX.
Native range
Introduced / established
13 sourced range or established records. This is not an invasive warning.
USDA hardiness
3. Legal, ecological, and broader status
Legal-list status
Seed-list status
Reported invasive here
1 ecological invasive report.
Broader regional context
Federal context
How to read this page
The status above is computed from the cited rows below: independent recommendations can support a fire-resistant result, an avoid row can produce keep-away, and disagreement stays visible as conflict. Placement notes preserve each source’s own scheme rather than translating unlike rules into one scale. This is evidence about a plant, not permission to plant it in every part of the defensible space; Zone 0 remains noncombustible.
Native and introduced range evidence
These are exact U.S. botanical-area records from the cited range source. Native and
introduced describe biogeographic relationship, not fire performance or planting approval.
Doubtful and extinct rows stay visible but do not count as current presence.
The lossless worldwide derivative is retained once in the research corpus; object pages repeat only exact U.S. areas needed by the local lens. The JSON twin carries the same page assertions.
Where its sources say to plant it
Placement rules below use each source's own distances or named zones, tied to its rating.
They are not interchangeable with the directory's current Zone 0 guidance.
Canberra Plant Selector: filtered result page 3 [canberra-selector] (with its recommendation)
The evidence
Grouped by what each source concluded. Primary evidence rated the plant itself
(a lab, field program, or original curation); corroboration compiled or
republished another source's rating and resolves to its root lineage.
12 cited rows from this source; its identity, lineage and tier are stated once.
Primary study Tiller2020a: Tiller, M., Oswald, B. P., Frantzen, A., Conway, W., & Hung, I. (2020a). Initial investigation of seasonal flammability of three invasive East Texas forest understory fuels using thermogravimetric analysis. Forest ReseaRCH, 9, 230.
FLAMITS record 13117; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; sampling august.
“temperature at flaming (°C): 205.02”
FLAMITS record 13118; Ignitability measurement; plant part stems; sampling august.
“temperature at flaming (°C): 181.76”
FLAMITS record 13121; Ignitability measurement; plant part stems; sampling february.
“burning duration (s): 950.4”
FLAMITS record 13124; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; sampling august.
“burning duration (s): 682.2”
FLAMITS record 13125; Sustainability measurement; plant part stems; sampling august.
“burning duration (s): 838.2”
FLAMITS record 13128; Sustainability measurement; plant part stems; sampling february.
Primary study Tiller2020b: Tiller, M. B., Oswald, B. P., Frantzen, A., Hung, I.-K., Jerez, S., & Weng, Y. (2020). Spatial and seasonal flammability comparisons of native and exotic plants in the Post Oak Savannah, Blackland Prairie, and Pineywoods Ecoregions of Texas. Asheville, NC, USA.
Shared row context: Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device thermal analyzer; site Tiller2020b-1; sampling august and february.
