{"id":"tilia-heterophylla","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Tilia heterophylla","commonNames":["White Linden"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Tilia heterophylla","family":"Malvaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"TIAMH","gbifKey":8104168,"itisTsn":21539,"wikidataQid":"Q6579882"},"usdaZoneMin":"4b","zoneSource":"usda-plants","states":["AL","AR","DC","FL","GA","IA","IL","IN","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MO","MS","NC","NJ","NY","OH","PA","SC","TN","VA","WV"],"nativeStates":["OH"],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-21,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAMH","sourceTaxon":"Tilia heterophylla","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66751, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","uses":["shade-tree","specimen"],"matureHeightFt":90,"waterNeed":"high","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/tilia-heterophylla.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/69433081","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43777903","license":"cc0","attribution":"no rights reserved","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"L flammability","claims":"One of the most stress-tolerant lindens; suckers readily; insect prone; pH adaptable.","edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","AR","DC","FL","GA","IA","IL","IN","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MO","MS","NC","NJ","NY","OH","PA","SC","TN","VA","WV"],"nativeStates":["OH"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL","AR","DC","FL","GA","IA","IL","IN","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MO","MS","NC","NJ","NY","OH","PA","SC","TN","VA","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"4b","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-21,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAMH","sourceTaxon":"Tilia heterophylla","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66751, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-21,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAMH","sourceTaxon":"Tilia heterophylla","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66751, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-21,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAMH","sourceTaxon":"Tilia heterophylla","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66751, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["OH"],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"4b"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}