{"id":"tilia-americana","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Tilia americana","commonNames":["Basswood"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Tilia americana","family":"Malvaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"TIAM","gbifKey":3152042,"itisTsn":21536,"wikidataQid":"Q163981","inatTaxonId":54854},"usdaZoneMin":"5a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["AL","AR","CT","DC","DE","FL","GA","IA","IL","IN","KS","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NY","OH","OK","PA","RI","SC","SD","TN","TX","VA","VT","WI","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — Alabama"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN 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— Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 DEL — Delaware"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["FL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 FLA — Florida"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["GA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 GEO — Georgia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["IA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 IOW 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Kansas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["LA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 LOU — Louisiana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAS — Massachusetts"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAI — Maine"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MIC — Michigan"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MN"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MIN — Minnesota"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MO"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MSO — Missouri"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MS"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MSI — Mississippi"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NCA — North Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ND"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NDA — North Dakota"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NE"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEB — 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York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 OHI — Ohio"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OK"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 OKL — Oklahoma"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["PA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 PEN — 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Dakota"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TN"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEN — Tennessee"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEX — Texas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VRG — Virginia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WIS — Wisconsin"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WVA — West Virginia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"tilia-americana","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"2","maximum":"8","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"osu-em-9103","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"American Linden or American Basswood profile (PDF page 172)","sourceVersion":"EM 9103, February 2015","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"2a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-46,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAM","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66729, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":50,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/tilia-americana.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/692954166","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/378863640","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Steven Lavoie, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Firewise (1)","claims":"Very fragrant cream flowers resulting in excellent honey, Not nearly as damaged by Japanese beetles as littleleaf lindin. Also known as basswood as the lumber is used for boxes as it does not absorb odors.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"bardon-2005","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Low flammability rating","edition":"2005","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"L flammability","claims":"One of the most stress-tolerant lindens; suckers readily; insect prone; pH adaptable.","edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"L flammability","claims":"Will not tolerate drought.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ncsu-ag874","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"low flammability","original":"bardon-2005","edition":"2025","url":"https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/fire-resistant-landscaping-in-north-carolina","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-em-9103","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"fire-resistant plants that thrive in Willamette Valley growing conditions","claims":"The trees profile lists Tilia americana as American Linden or American Basswood. The profile prints USDA Hardiness Zone: 2–8.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"American Linden or American Basswood profile (PDF page 172)","scheme":"osu-em-9103-profile"},"edition":"EM 9103, February 2015","url":"https://www.canbyfire.org/files/074d2a9e3/Fire-Resistant-Plants_Willamette-Valley.pdf","documentDate":"2015-02-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nc-plant-toolbox","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"low flammability","claims":"NC Toolbox facet capture lists \"Tilia americana\" under the low flammability tag.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"tilia-americana","scheme":"nc-toolbox-flammability-facet"},"original":"bardon-2005","edition":"live facet capture accessed 2026-08-23","url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tilia-americana/","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 200","score":{"value":200,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13171; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 165","score":{"value":165,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13172; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 60","score":{"value":60,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13173; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 60","score":{"value":60,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13174; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 12","score":{"value":12,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13175; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20","score":{"value":20,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13176; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 5","score":{"value":5,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13177; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 5","score":{"value":5,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13178; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 46","score":{"value":46,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13202; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 59.6","score":{"value":59.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13203; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 67.9","score":{"value":67.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13204; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 66.6","score":{"value":66.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13205; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 90.8","score":{"value":90.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13206; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 88.3","score":{"value":88.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13207; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 107.9","score":{"value":107.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13208; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 118.1","score":{"value":118.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13209; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 4.3","score":{"value":4.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13234; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 4.78","score":{"value":4.78,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13235; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 6.21","score":{"value":6.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13236; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 6.22","score":{"value":6.22,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13237; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 8.22","score":{"value":8.22,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13238; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 7.66","score":{"value":7.66,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13239; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 9.09","score":{"value":9.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13240; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 9.46","score":{"value":9.46,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13241; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2405.17","score":{"value":2405.17,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13265; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2811.21","score":{"value":2811.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13266; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2558.03","score":{"value":2558.03,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13267; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2512.65","score":{"value":2512.65,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13268; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2610.58","score":{"value":2610.58,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13269; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2610.58","score":{"value":2610.58,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13270; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2827.93","score":{"value":2827.93,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13271; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2976.01","score":{"value":2976.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13272; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2944.96","score":{"value":2944.96,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13296; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3427.43","score":{"value":3427.43,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13297; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3042.89","score":{"value":3042.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13298; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2997.51","score":{"value":2997.51,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13299; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3143.21","score":{"value":3143.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13300; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3272.18","score":{"value":3272.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13301; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3353.39","score":{"value":3353.39,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13302; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3491.92","score":{"value":3491.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13303; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 50.9","score":{"value":50.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13703; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 53.6","score":{"value":53.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13704; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 172.7","score":{"value":172.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13705; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 81","score":{"value":81,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13706; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame intensity (kW/m): 130","score":{"value":130,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame intensity (kW/m)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13707; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 51","score":{"value":51,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18776; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Kreye2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kreye2023: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., & Varner, J. M. (2023). Multivariate roles of litter traits on moisture and flammability of temperate northeastern North American tree species. Fire Ecology, 19, 1-12.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Kreye2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 54","score":{"value":54,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18777; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Kreye2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kreye2023: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., & Varner, J. M. (2023). Multivariate roles of litter traits on moisture and flammability of temperate northeastern North American tree species. Fire Ecology, 19, 1-12.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Kreye2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 173","score":{"value":173,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18778; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Kreye2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kreye2023: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., & Varner, J. M. (2023). Multivariate roles of litter traits on moisture and flammability of temperate northeastern North American tree species. Fire Ecology, 19, 1-12.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Kreye2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 81","score":{"value":81,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18779; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Kreye2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kreye2023: Kreye, J. K., Kane, J. M., & Varner, J. M. (2023). Multivariate roles of litter traits on moisture and flammability of temperate northeastern North American tree species. Fire Ecology, 19, 1-12.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Kreye2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"me-mfs-fire-resistant-plant-list","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"listed as fire-resistant for landscaping 30-100 feet from a structure","claims":"Maine Forest Service includes Basswood/American linden (Tilia americana) on its partial fire-resistant plant list for landscaping 30-100 feet from a structure. The printed scientific name is a unique current-name match to this record.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Trees, page 1: Basswood/American linden - Tilia americana","scheme":"MFS-list-section-and-page"},"edition":"MFS-list-updated-2013-10-23","url":"https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/forest_protection/firewise/downloads/fire_resistant_plant_list.pdf","documentDate":"2013-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review 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Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"2","maximum":"8","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"osu-em-9103","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"American Linden or American Basswood profile (PDF page 172)","sourceVersion":"EM 9103, February 2015","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"2a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-46,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAM","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66729, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"overlapping","assertions":[{"minimum":"2","maximum":"8","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"osu-em-9103","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"American Linden or American Basswood profile (PDF page 172)","sourceVersion":"EM 9103, February 2015","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"2a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-46,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"TIAM","sourceTaxon":"Tilia americana","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 66729, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"me-mfs-fire-resistant-plant-list","sourceName":"Maine fire-resistant plant list","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/forest_protection/firewise/fire_resistant_plant_list.html","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Maine Forest Service presents a partial list for landscaping 30-100 feet from a structure. FireApproved publishes only 39 unique exact current/accepted matches plus Rhus typhina from the source's explicit parenthetical; unresolved, abbreviated, misspelled, absent, and duplicate-owner rows remain held.","sourceVersion":"MFS-list-updated-2013-10-23","asOf":"2013-10-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ncsu-ag874","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant Landscaping in North Carolina (AG-874)","sourceUrl":"https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/fire-resistant-landscaping-in-north-carolina","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NC"]},"completeness":"complete","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The complete three-table AG-874 plant list is explicitly for North Carolina and contains 202 low-, medium-, or high-flammability rows. FireApproved accounts for all source rows under its strict taxonomy and lineage rules; source scope does not establish local suitability at a particular North Carolina site.","sourceVersion":"AG-874-reviewed-2025-03-26","asOf":"2025-03-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-em-9103","sourceName":"Fire-resistant Landscape Plants for the Willamette Valley (EM 9103)","sourceUrl":"https://www.canbyfire.org/files/074d2a9e3/Fire-Resistant-Plants_Willamette-Valley.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["Willamette Valley"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"OSU Extension says EM 9103 highlights fire-resistant plants that thrive under Willamette Valley growing conditions. FireApproved publishes 172 exact owners only as valley context. The guide shares the PNW 590 lineage and is not a second independent vote or statewide site clearance.","sourceVersion":"OSU-EM-9103-2015-02","asOf":"2015-02-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"dead-material","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13703; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":47},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13704; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":48},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13705; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":49},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13706; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":50},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13707; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":51}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["AL","AR","CT","DC","DE","FL","GA","IA","IL","IN","KS","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NY","OH","OK","PA","RI","SC","SD","TN","TX","VA","VT","WI","WV"],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}