{"id":"themeda-triandra","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Themeda triandra","commonNames":["Themeda triandra"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Themeda triandra","family":"Poaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"THTR8","gbifKey":2703467},"states":["TX"],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10925","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Themeda triandra","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ezq), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=THTR8"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"plantForm":"grass","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4318.11","score":{"value":4318.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 960; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Bowman1988-1; sampling september. Primary study Bowman1988: Bowman, D., & Wilson, B. (1988). Fuel characteristics of coastal monsoon forests, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 807-817.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bowman1988","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.42","score":{"value":0.42,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 974; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device burning bench; site Bowman1988-1; sampling september. Primary study Bowman1988: Bowman, D., & Wilson, B. (1988). Fuel characteristics of coastal monsoon forests, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 807-817.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bowman1988","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.47","score":{"value":2.47,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10928; Ignitability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.74","score":{"value":2.74,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10929; Ignitability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 3","score":{"value":3,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10930; Ignitability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.98","score":{"value":2.98,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10931; Ignitability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 65.47","score":{"value":65.47,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10932; Sustainability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 62.62","score":{"value":62.62,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10933; Sustainability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 58.41","score":{"value":58.41,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10934; Sustainability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 57.31","score":{"value":57.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10935; Sustainability measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.0036","score":{"value":0.0036,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10936; Combustibility measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.004","score":{"value":0.004,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10937; Combustibility measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.0042","score":{"value":0.0042,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10938; Combustibility measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.0041","score":{"value":0.0041,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10939; Combustibility measurement; plant part whole plant; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Raubenheimer2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Raubenheimer2021: Raubenheimer, S. L., Simpson, K., Carkeek, R., & Ripley, B. (2021). Could CO2-induced changes to C4 grass flammability aggravate savanna woody encroachment? African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39, 82-95.","plantPart":"whole-plant","original":"Raubenheimer2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.12","score":{"value":1.12,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12816; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Simpson2016-1; sampling july. Primary study Simpson2016: Simpson, K. J., Ripley, B. S., Christin, P. A., Belcher, C. M., Lehmann, C. E., Thomas, G. H., & Osborne, C P. (2016). Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species. Journal of Ecology, 104, 138-148.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Simpson2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.11","score":{"value":1.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12817; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Simpson2016-1; sampling july. Primary study Simpson2016: Simpson, K. J., Ripley, B. S., Christin, P. A., Belcher, C. M., Lehmann, C. E., Thomas, G. H., & Osborne, C P. (2016). Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species. Journal of Ecology, 104, 138-148.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Simpson2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.04","score":{"value":0.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12864; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Simpson2016-1; sampling july. Primary study Simpson2016: Simpson, K. J., Ripley, B. S., Christin, P. A., Belcher, C. M., Lehmann, C. E., Thomas, G. H., & Osborne, C P. (2016). Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species. Journal of Ecology, 104, 138-148.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Simpson2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.04","score":{"value":0.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12865; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Simpson2016-1; sampling july. Primary study Simpson2016: Simpson, K. J., Ripley, B. S., Christin, P. A., Belcher, C. M., Lehmann, C. E., Thomas, G. H., & Osborne, C P. (2016). Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species. Journal of Ecology, 104, 138-148.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Simpson2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 5.1","score":{"value":5.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12912; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Simpson2016-1; sampling july. Primary study Simpson2016: Simpson, K. J., Ripley, B. S., Christin, P. A., Belcher, C. M., Lehmann, C. E., Thomas, G. H., & Osborne, C P. (2016). Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species. Journal of Ecology, 104, 138-148.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Simpson2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 4.72","score":{"value":4.72,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12913; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Simpson2016-1; sampling july. Primary study Simpson2016: Simpson, K. J., Ripley, B. S., Christin, P. A., Belcher, C. M., Lehmann, C. E., Thomas, G. H., & Osborne, C P. (2016). Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species. Journal of Ecology, 104, 138-148.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Simpson2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"FLAMITS measurements are retained as non-voting evidence; the database publishes no cross-variable directional threshold."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["TX"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TX"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10925","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Themeda triandra","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ezq), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=THTR8"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}