{"id":"sequoia-sempervirens","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Sequoia sempervirens","commonNames":["Coast redwood"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Sequoia sempervirens","family":"Cupressaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"SESE3","gbifKey":2683909,"itisTsn":183435,"wikidataQid":"Q150129","inatTaxonId":47372},"usdaZoneMin":"7a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["CA","DC","DE","MD","NJ","OH","OR","PA","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"sequoia-sempervirens","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"7b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":7,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SESE3","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15281, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":300,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/sequoia-sempervirens.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/326787967","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186931697","license":"cc0","attribution":"no rights reserved","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Novelty planting in the east.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 8.96","score":{"value":8.96,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 608; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 34.48","score":{"value":34.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 623; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 3.53","score":{"value":3.53,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 638; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2752.15","score":{"value":2752.15,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 653; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 720","score":{"value":720,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13147; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 762","score":{"value":762,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13148; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 50","score":{"value":50,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13149; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 45","score":{"value":45,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13150; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 16","score":{"value":16,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13151; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 16","score":{"value":16,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13152; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 3","score":{"value":3,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13153; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 3","score":{"value":3,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13154; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 39","score":{"value":39,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13179; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 39.2","score":{"value":39.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13180; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 47.4","score":{"value":47.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13181; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 55.3","score":{"value":55.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13182; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 61.2","score":{"value":61.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13183; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 57.9","score":{"value":57.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13184; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 80.9","score":{"value":80.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13185; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 90.9","score":{"value":90.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13186; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 2.92","score":{"value":2.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13210; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 2.92","score":{"value":2.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13211; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 3.92","score":{"value":3.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13212; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 4.14","score":{"value":4.14,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13213; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 4.75","score":{"value":4.75,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13214; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 4.76","score":{"value":4.76,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13215; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 5.83","score":{"value":5.83,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13216; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 6.25","score":{"value":6.25,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13217; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2610.58","score":{"value":2610.58,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13242; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2505.49","score":{"value":2505.49,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13243; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2839.87","score":{"value":2839.87,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13244; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3150.3","score":{"value":3150.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13245; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3062","score":{"value":3062,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13246; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2546.09","score":{"value":2546.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13247; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3310.4","score":{"value":3310.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13248; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3475.2","score":{"value":3475.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13249; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3157.54","score":{"value":3157.54,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13273; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3076.33","score":{"value":3076.33,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13274; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3475.2","score":{"value":3475.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13275; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3737.93","score":{"value":3737.93,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13276; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3623.29","score":{"value":3623.29,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13277; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3023.78","score":{"value":3023.78,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13278; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3862.13","score":{"value":3862.13,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13279; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4077.09","score":{"value":4077.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13280; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tran1992-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tran1992: Tran, H. C., & White, R. H. (1992). Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter. Fire and materials, 16, 197-206.","original":"Tran1992","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 59","score":{"value":59,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13565; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2017: Varner, J. M., Kuljian, H. G., & Kreye, J. K. (2017). Fires without tanoak: the effects of a non-native disease on future community flammability. Biological Invasions, 19, 2307-2317.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 71.4","score":{"value":71.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13570; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2017: Varner, J. M., Kuljian, H. G., & Kreye, J. K. (2017). Fires without tanoak: the effects of a non-native disease on future community flammability. Biological Invasions, 19, 2307-2317.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 315.4","score":{"value":315.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13575; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2017: Varner, J. M., Kuljian, H. G., & Kreye, J. K. (2017). Fires without tanoak: the effects of a non-native disease on future community flammability. Biological Invasions, 19, 2307-2317.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 89.7","score":{"value":89.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13580; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2017: Varner, J. M., Kuljian, H. G., & Kreye, J. K. (2017). Fires without tanoak: the effects of a non-native disease on future community flammability. Biological Invasions, 19, 2307-2317.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 6","score":{"value":6,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15854; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 16.64","score":{"value":16.64,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15856; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Belcher2017-1; sampling . Primary study Belcher2017: Belcher, C. M., & Hudspith, V. A. (2017). Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms. New Phytologist, 213, 1521-1532.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CA","DC","DE","MD","NJ","OH","OR","PA","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA","DC","DE","MD","NJ","OH","OR","PA","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"7a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"sequoia-sempervirens","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"7b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":7,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SESE3","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15281, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"7b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":7,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SESE3","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15281, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"sequoia-sempervirens","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"7b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":7,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SESE3","sourceTaxon":"Sequoia sempervirens","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15281, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["CA","OR"],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"7b"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}