{"id":"schismus-arabicus","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Schismus arabicus","commonNames":["Schismus arabicus"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Schismus arabicus","family":"Poaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"SCAR","gbifKey":2704340},"states":["AZ","CA","NM","NV","UT"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARI — Arizona"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWM — New Mexico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEV — Nevada"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEX — Texas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["UT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 UTA — Utah"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10414","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Schismus arabicus","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ejo), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCAR"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"plantForm":"grass","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.22","score":{"value":1.22,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3467; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 199.75","score":{"value":199.75,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3471; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 34.8","score":{"value":34.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3475; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 24.1","score":{"value":24.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3479; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 588.9","score":{"value":588.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3483; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 572.4","score":{"value":572.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3487; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 536.6","score":{"value":536.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3491; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 363.7","score":{"value":363.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3495; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Fuentes2016-1; sampling june to july. Primary study Fuentes2016: Fuentes-Ramirez, A., Veldman, J. W., Holzapfel, C., & Moloney, K. A. (2016). Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts. Ecological Applications, 26, 2311-2322.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Fuentes2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"FLAMITS measurements are retained as non-voting evidence; the database publishes no cross-variable directional threshold."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AZ","CA","NM","NV","UT"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARI — Arizona"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWM — New Mexico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEV — Nevada"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEX — Texas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["UT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 UTA — Utah"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ","CA","NM","NV","UT"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10414","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Schismus arabicus","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ejo), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCAR"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}