{"id":"schinus-terebinthifolia","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Schinus terebinthifolius","commonNames":["Brazilian peppertree"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Schinus terebinthifolia","family":"Anacardiaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"SCTE","gbifKey":3660419},"usdaZoneMin":"9b","zoneSource":"usda-plants","states":["AL","CA","FL","HI","PR","TX","VI"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae10410","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Schinus terebinthifolia","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ejm), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCTE"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}},{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10411","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Schinus terebinthifolia","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ejm), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCTE"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"9b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":28,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SCTE","sourceTaxon":"Schinus terebinthifolius","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 93016, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":30,"waterNeed":"high","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/schinus-terebinthifolia.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/254194695","license":"cc-by-sa","attribution":"(c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), uploaded by Douglas Goldman","fetchedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"kovalsyki-2016-pfb-cortinas","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Poorly flammable (VI 0)","score":{"value":0,"scale":"valette-0-5-live-shoot"},"claims":"Combustion index 2; mean time to ignition 58.4 s; flame duration 1.3 s; mean flame height 1.7 cm.","claimOriginal":"fracamente inflamável","plantPart":"shoot","condition":"green","edition":"2016","url":"https://pfb.sede.embrapa.br/pfb/article/download/991/531","documentDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"maire-1962-landscape-to-prevent-fire","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"PLANTS FOR FIRE PROTECTION","claims":"Schinus terebinthifolia (Brazilian pepper) appears in the source's conditioned examples for landscaping irrigated hillsides. Fuel volume is to be minimized, plants watered to their needs, and accumulated litter removed.","plantPart":"whole-plant","condition":"green","sourcePlacement":{"value":"irrigated hillsides","scheme":"maire-1968-fire-protection-landscape"},"edition":"AXT-254","url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02962519x","documentDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 58.4","score":{"value":58.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5701; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kovalsyki2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kovalsyki2017: Kovalsyki, B., Takashina, I. K., Tres, A., Tetto, A .F., & Batista, A. C. (2016). Inflamabilidade de espécies arbóreas para uso em cortinas de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais. Pesquisa florestal brasileira, 36, 387-391.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kovalsyki2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 1.3","score":{"value":1.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5706; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kovalsyki2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kovalsyki2017: Kovalsyki, B., Takashina, I. K., Tres, A., Tetto, A .F., & Batista, A. C. (2016). Inflamabilidade de espécies arbóreas para uso em cortinas de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais. Pesquisa florestal brasileira, 36, 387-391.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kovalsyki2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 1.7","score":{"value":1.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5711; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kovalsyki2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kovalsyki2017: Kovalsyki, B., Takashina, I. K., Tres, A., Tetto, A .F., & Batista, A. C. (2016). Inflamabilidade de espécies arbóreas para uso em cortinas de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais. Pesquisa florestal brasileira, 36, 387-391.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kovalsyki2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 7","score":{"value":7,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5716; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kovalsyki2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kovalsyki2017: Kovalsyki, B., Takashina, I. K., Tres, A., Tetto, A .F., & Batista, A. C. (2016). Inflamabilidade de espécies arbóreas para uso em cortinas de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais. Pesquisa florestal brasileira, 36, 387-391.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kovalsyki2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 0","score":{"value":0,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5721; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Kovalsyki2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kovalsyki2017: Kovalsyki, B., Takashina, I. K., Tres, A., Tetto, A .F., & Batista, A. C. (2016). Inflamabilidade de espécies arbóreas para uso em cortinas de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais. Pesquisa florestal brasileira, 36, 387-391.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kovalsyki2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 58.4","score":{"value":58.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11924; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 4.79","score":{"value":4.79,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11933; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 0","score":{"value":0,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11942; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 9.6","score":{"value":9.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11951; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 1.7","score":{"value":1.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11960; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.6","score":{"value":1.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11969; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4037.3","score":{"value":4037.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11978; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Santos2018a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Santos2018a: Santos, J. F. L., Batista, A. C., Tres, A., Tetto, A. F., & Kovalsyki, B. (2018a). Flammability and combustibility of potential species for use as fuel breaks. In: D. X. Viegas, Advances in Forest Fire Research 2018 (pp. 788-793), Portugal, University of Coimbra.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Santos2018a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo selected from license-verified candidates and human-reviewed 2026-08-24 (joint session)."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","CA","FL","HI","PR","TX","VI"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL","CA","FL","HI","PR","TX","VI"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"9b","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"9b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":28,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SCTE","sourceTaxon":"Schinus terebinthifolius","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 93016, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"9b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":28,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SCTE","sourceTaxon":"Schinus terebinthifolius","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 93016, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"9b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":28,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"SCTE","sourceTaxon":"Schinus terebinthifolius","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 93016, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae10410","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Schinus terebinthifolia","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ejm), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCTE"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10411","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Schinus terebinthifolia","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021ejm), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCTE"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"accepted-name","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"green","evidence":[{"source":"kovalsyki-2016-pfb-cortinas","verdict":"recommend","url":"https://pfb.sede.embrapa.br/pfb/article/download/991/531","claims":"Combustion index 2; mean time to ignition 58.4 s; flame duration 1.3 s; mean flame height 1.7 cm.","evidenceIndex":0},{"source":"maire-1962-landscape-to-prevent-fire","verdict":"recommend","url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02962519x","claims":"Schinus terebinthifolia (Brazilian pepper) appears in the source's conditioned examples for landscaping irrigated hillsides. Fuel volume is to be minimized, plants watered to their needs, and accumulated litter removed.","evidenceIndex":1}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"9b"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}