{"id":"salix-fragilis","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Salix fragilis","commonNames":["Crack willow"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Salix fragilis","family":"Salicaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"SAFR","gbifKey":5372829,"itisTsn":22535,"wikidataQid":"Q157518"},"states":["CO","CT","DC","DE","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","MT","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NY","OH","PA","RI","SD","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"authority":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","source":"ohio-oac-901-5-30-01-2023","sourceRecordId":"ohio:901-5-30-01:A:054","sourceVersion":"OAC-901:5-30-01-effective-2023-02-13","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Salix fragilis","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"OAC 901:5-30-01","label":"Listed invasive plant — specified sale, propagation, distribution, import, and dissemination activities prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01","https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/authenticated/901/5/30/901%245-30-01_20230213.pdf","https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may sell, offer for sale, propagate, distribute, import, or intentionally cause the dissemination of this listed invasive plant in Ohio.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Cultivated plants grown as food or livestock feed in accordance with generally accepted agricultural practices, including plants authorized by USDA APHIS, are excluded from the ORC 901.50 definition of invasive plant species.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"},{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Disposal and control are allowed only in a manner that does not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"Research or educational use requires an Ohio Department of Agriculture compliance agreement and must not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the rule authorizes the director to exempt a cultivar upon scientific evidence, but no current official exemption roster was located, so no cultivar result is projected"}},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10321","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-06-30T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Salix x fragilis","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021egl), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SAFR"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"source-identifier","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, and family; source name retained without synonym expansion"}}],"plantForm":"tree","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/salix-fragilis.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/193212986","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114418519","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Matt Lavin, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"gva-valencia","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"recommended low-flammability species (trees, native/forest column)","claimOriginal":"especies recomendadas","edition":"2019","url":"https://www.leliana.es/sites/www.leliana.es/files/files/Jardineria%20de%20baja%20inflamabilidad.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1922.71","score":{"value":1922.71,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1119; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Cardoso2015-1; sampling summer. Primary study Cardoso2015: Cardoso, M. B., Ladio, A. H., Dutrus, S. M., & Lozada, M. (2015). Preference and calorific value of fuelwood species in rural populations in northwestern Patagonia. Biomass and Bioenergy, 81, 514-520.","original":"Cardoso2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 100","score":{"value":100,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1502; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 347.1","score":{"value":347.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1696; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 16.3","score":{"value":16.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1890; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"estimated burnt biomass (%): 55","score":{"value":55,"scale":"FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2084; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CO","CT","DC","DE","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","MT","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NY","OH","PA","RI","SD","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CO","CT","DC","DE","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","MT","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NY","OH","PA","RI","SD","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"authority":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","source":"ohio-oac-901-5-30-01-2023","sourceRecordId":"ohio:901-5-30-01:A:054","sourceVersion":"OAC-901:5-30-01-effective-2023-02-13","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Salix fragilis","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"OAC 901:5-30-01","label":"Listed invasive plant — specified sale, propagation, distribution, import, and dissemination activities prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01","https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/authenticated/901/5/30/901%245-30-01_20230213.pdf","https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may sell, offer for sale, propagate, distribute, import, or intentionally cause the dissemination of this listed invasive plant in Ohio.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Cultivated plants grown as food or livestock feed in accordance with generally accepted agricultural practices, including plants authorized by USDA APHIS, are excluded from the ORC 901.50 definition of invasive plant species.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"},{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Disposal and control are allowed only in a manner that does not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"Research or educational use requires an Ohio Department of Agriculture compliance agreement and must not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the rule authorizes the director to exempt a cultivar upon scientific evidence, but no current official exemption roster was located, so no cultivar result is projected"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae10321","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-06-30T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Salix x fragilis","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021egl), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SAFR"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"source-identifier","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, and family; source name retained without synonym expansion"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"OH","status":"noxious-listed","source":"ohio-oac-901-5-30-01-2023"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}