{"id":"rhamnus-lycioides","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Rhamnus lycioides","commonNames":["Espino negro","Arçot"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Rhamnus lycioides","family":"Rhamnaceae","ids":{"gbifKey":6371380},"regions":["Spain"],"plantForm":"shrub","evidence":[{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"RECOMENDADA","claims":"Rhamnus lycioides is rated “RECOMENDADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 42","score":{"value":42,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7797; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling may. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 60","score":{"value":60,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7798; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 30","score":{"value":30,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7799; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling august. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 22","score":{"value":22,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7800; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling september. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 42","score":{"value":42,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7801; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 35","score":{"value":35,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7802; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling november. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4809","score":{"value":4809,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7916; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7966; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 16","score":{"value":16,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8192; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling may. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 12","score":{"value":12,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8193; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling july. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 92","score":{"value":92,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8194; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling august. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 96","score":{"value":96,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8195; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling september. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 87","score":{"value":87,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8196; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling october. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 94","score":{"value":94,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 8197; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Martin1989-1; sampling november. Primary study Martin1989: Martín, E., & Miguel, L. (1989). Inflamabilidad y energía de las especies de sotobosque","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Martin1989","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"gencat-franges-perimetrals","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Cal mantenir prioritàriament les espècies menys inflamables. — Arçot — Rhamnus lycioides","claims":"The guide says to maintain this printed taxon first among the less-flammable species when opening and maintaining perimeter protection strips.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"page 4 species-selection panel","scheme":"catalonia-perimeter-strip-maintain-remove"},"edition":"2025 web edition","url":"https://www.diba.cat/documents/d/incendis/diba_franges_web","documentDate":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":[],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}