{"id":"populus-alba","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Populus alba","commonNames":["White poplar"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Populus alba","family":"Salicaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"POAL7","gbifKey":3040233,"itisTsn":22451,"wikidataQid":"Q146269","inatTaxonId":47570},"usdaZoneMin":"4a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["AL","AR","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","FL","GA","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OK","OR","PA","RI","SC","SD","TN","TX","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — 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Minnesota"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWM — New Mexico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TN"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEN — 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Wisconsin"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"]},"authority":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092","sourceRecordId":"maine:prohibited:031","sourceVersion":"Chapter-273-filing-2022-092-format-corrected-2025-09-24","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Populus alba","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Chapter 273 Do Not Sell","label":"Specified living-plant trade activities prohibited since 2018-01-01"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.maine.gov/DACF/php/horticulture/invasiveplants.shtml","https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"Living viable material may not be imported, exported, bought, sold, or intentionally propagated for sale or distribution.","effectiveOn":"2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"The State Horticulturist may permit importation and field experimentation for scientific, educational, or other approved purposes under prescribed conditions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Preserved herbarium specimens and material preserved by other means are exempt from Chapter 273.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; Chapter 273 defines species to include synonyms, subspecies, hybrids, varieties, forms, and cultivars, but FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; the rule provides a committee exemption process for researched subordinate taxa and no current approved-exemption roster was located"}},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9964","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Populus alba","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021duq), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=POAL7"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"populus-alba","sourceTaxon":"Populus alba","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector 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BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Firewise (1)","claims":"Showy pubescent white underside of the leaves. Used as wind breaks on the Great Plains. Can become invasive.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"L flammability","claims":"Suckers readily; urban tolerant; pH tolerant.","edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"L flammability","claims":"Tolerant of most soil conditions. Brittle wood, not suitable for residential use.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"gva-valencia","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"recommended low-flammability species (trees, native/forest column)","claimOriginal":"especies recomendadas","edition":"2019","url":"https://www.leliana.es/sites/www.leliana.es/files/files/Jardineria%20de%20baja%20inflamabilidad.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1839.11","score":{"value":1839.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1117; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Cardoso2015-1; sampling summer. Primary study Cardoso2015: Cardoso, M. B., Ladio, A. H., Dutrus, S. M., & Lozada, M. (2015). Preference and calorific value of fuelwood species in rural populations in northwestern Patagonia. Biomass and Bioenergy, 81, 514-520.","original":"Cardoso2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 9.92","score":{"value":9.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9364; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 9.92","score":{"value":9.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9378; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 11.82","score":{"value":11.82,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9392; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 2.31","score":{"value":2.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9406; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"corbett-safer-gardens-2021","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"King and Vines (1969) found that the oven-dried leaves of white poplar (Populus alba) and Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) were ‘notably non-flammable’.","claims":"The admitted finding is limited to oven-dried leaves.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"King and Vines 1969","edition":"2021 book / public 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York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TN"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEN — Tennessee"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — 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alba","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"POAL7","sourceTaxon":"Populus alba","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 67378, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"POAL7","sourceTaxon":"Populus alba","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 67378, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"populus-alba","sourceTaxon":"Populus alba","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"POAL7","sourceTaxon":"Populus alba","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 67378, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"]},"authority":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092","sourceRecordId":"maine:prohibited:031","sourceVersion":"Chapter-273-filing-2022-092-format-corrected-2025-09-24","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Populus alba","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Chapter 273 Do Not Sell","label":"Specified living-plant trade activities prohibited since 2018-01-01"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.maine.gov/DACF/php/horticulture/invasiveplants.shtml","https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"Living viable material may not be imported, exported, bought, sold, or intentionally propagated for sale or distribution.","effectiveOn":"2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"The State Horticulturist may permit importation and field experimentation for scientific, educational, or other approved purposes under prescribed conditions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Preserved herbarium specimens and material preserved by other means are exempt from Chapter 273.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; Chapter 273 defines species to include synonyms, subspecies, hybrids, varieties, forms, and cultivars, but FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; the rule provides a committee exemption process for researched subordinate taxa and no current approved-exemption roster was located"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9964","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Populus alba","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021duq), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=POAL7"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"ME","status":"noxious-listed","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"3a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}