{"id":"pinus-nigra","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Pinus nigra","commonNames":["Austrian pine"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Pinus nigra","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"PINI","gbifKey":5284809,"itisTsn":183364,"wikidataQid":"Q145954","inatTaxonId":135790},"usdaZoneMin":"4a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["DC","DE","IL","MA","MD","ME","MI","MO","MS","NJ","NY","OH","PA","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["IL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ILL — Illinois"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9835","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus nigra","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021dqx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PINI"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-nigra","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PINI","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15511, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":50,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/pinus-nigra.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/420069425","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/236145209","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Marios Thoma, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Very salt tolerant pine-very susceptable to tip blight-6-8 inch needles in bundles of 3.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Resists drought; salt tolerant; disease sensitive with age.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"keep 30 ft from the home (Zone 3)","scheme":"b921-siting"},"edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Resists drought and seaside conditions. Disease problems develop with age.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"MUY DESACONSEJADA","claims":"Pinus nigra is rated “MUY DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"not suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 93.3","score":{"value":93.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1458; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 534.9","score":{"value":534.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1652; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 33.5","score":{"value":33.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1846; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"estimated burnt biomass (%): 31.3","score":{"value":31.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2040; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Cui2020a-1; sampling ND. Primary study Cui2020a: Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Wyse, S. V., Alam, M. A., Maurin, K. J. L., Pieper, R., ... Curran, T. J. (2020a). Shoot flammability of vascular plants is phylogenetically conserved and related to habitat fire-proneness and growth form. Nature Plants, 6, 355-359.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Cui2020a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 30.23","score":{"value":30.23,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2986; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4699.09","score":{"value":4699.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2996; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 215.5","score":{"value":215.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3006; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 22.17","score":{"value":22.17,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5274; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 24.15","score":{"value":24.15,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5275; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 9.92","score":{"value":9.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5280; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 7.4","score":{"value":7.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5281; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 463.57","score":{"value":463.57,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5286; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 536.13","score":{"value":536.13,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5287; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15.1","score":{"value":15.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5331; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 10.99","score":{"value":10.99,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5332; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 10.99","score":{"value":10.99,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5333; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 9.9","score":{"value":9.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5334; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 10","score":{"value":10,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5335; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 12.21","score":{"value":12.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5336; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 10.98","score":{"value":10.98,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5337; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 19.51","score":{"value":19.51,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5347; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 27.6","score":{"value":27.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5348; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 12.02","score":{"value":12.02,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5358; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 16.16","score":{"value":16.16,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5359; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 17.63","score":{"value":17.63,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5360; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 28.39","score":{"value":28.39,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5361; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 36.28","score":{"value":36.28,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5362; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 42.05","score":{"value":42.05,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5363; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 72.34","score":{"value":72.34,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5364; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 15.37","score":{"value":15.37,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5374; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 15.82","score":{"value":15.82,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5375; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 206.94","score":{"value":206.94,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5385; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 356.93","score":{"value":356.93,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5386; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 507.1","score":{"value":507.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5387; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 607.18","score":{"value":607.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5388; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 626.91","score":{"value":626.91,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5389; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 638.48","score":{"value":638.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5390; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 651.78","score":{"value":651.78,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5391; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 508.82","score":{"value":508.82,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5401; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 384.72","score":{"value":384.72,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5402; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4196.94","score":{"value":4196.94,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5412; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3826.48","score":{"value":3826.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5413; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3704.58","score":{"value":3704.58,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5414; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3248.08","score":{"value":3248.08,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5415; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2782.02","score":{"value":2782.02,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5416; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2253.82","score":{"value":2253.82,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5417; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1670.65","score":{"value":1670.65,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5418; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3977.05","score":{"value":3977.05,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5430; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3771.51","score":{"value":3771.51,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5431; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2299.23","score":{"value":2299.23,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5432; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2473.7","score":{"value":2473.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5433; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Jervis2012-1; sampling spring. Primary study Jervis2012: Jervis, F. X. (2012). Application of fire calorimetry to understand factors affecting flammability of cellulosic material: Pine needles, tree leaves and chipboard. PhD. Dissertation. University of Edinburgh.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Jervis2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature increase rate (°C/s): 0.0876","score":{"value":0.0876,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17036; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature increase rate (°C/s): 0.1027","score":{"value":0.1027,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17037; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature increase rate (°C/s): 0.1227","score":{"value":0.1227,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17038; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature increase rate (°C/s): 0.1139","score":{"value":0.1139,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17039; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 74","score":{"value":74,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17040; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 87","score":{"value":87,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17041; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 135","score":{"value":135,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17042; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 133","score":{"value":133,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17043; Combustibility measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 234","score":{"value":234,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17044; Sustainability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 285","score":{"value":285,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17045; Sustainability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 339","score":{"value":339,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17046; Sustainability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 323","score":{"value":323,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17047; Sustainability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 58","score":{"value":58,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17048; Ignitability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 49","score":{"value":49,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17049; Ignitability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 19","score":{"value":19,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17050; Ignitability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 4","score":{"value":4,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17051; Ignitability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 4.8","score":{"value":4.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17052; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 6","score":{"value":6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17053; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 10.1","score":{"value":10.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17054; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 10.6","score":{"value":10.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17055; Consumability measurement; plant part outer bark; fuel dead; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Espinosa2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Espinosa2020: Espinosa, J., de Rivera, O. R., Madrigal, J., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2020). Predicting potential cambium damage and fire resistance in Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118372.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Espinosa2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"greece-property-fire-regulation-2023","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Pinus nigra","claims":"The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"section 5.4.2, Table 2δi","scheme":"greece-2023-particularly-flammable"},"edition":"FEK B 3475/2023","url":"https://www.elinyae.gr/ethniki-nomothesia/ya-oik-ypendaoka5590420192023-fek-3475b-2452023","documentDate":"2023-05-24T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["DC","DE","IL","MA","MD","ME","MI","MO","MS","NJ","NY","OH","PA","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["IL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ILL — Illinois"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["DC","DE","IL","MA","MD","ME","MI","MO","MS","NJ","NY","OH","PA","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"4a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-nigra","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PINI","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15511, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PINI","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15511, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-nigra","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PINI","sourceTaxon":"Pinus nigra","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15511, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9835","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus nigra","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021dqx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PINI"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"3a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}