{"id":"pinus-elliottii","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Pinus elliottii","commonNames":["Slash pine"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Pinus elliottii","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"PIEL","gbifKey":5285777,"itisTsn":18036,"wikidataQid":"Q1249109","inatTaxonId":69985},"usdaZoneMin":"7a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["AL","DC","DE","FL","GA","LA","MD","MS","NC","NJ","OH","PA","SC","TX","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central Pacific","TDWG level 3 HAW — Hawaii"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — Alabama"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["FL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 FLA — Florida"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["GA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 GEO — Georgia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["LA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 LOU — Louisiana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MS"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MSI — Mississippi"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["SC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 SCA — South Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae11473","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2018-01-04T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus elliottii","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["Wagner et al. (2012), https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/hawaiianflora/Hawaiian_vascular_plant_updates_1.3.pdf"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-elliottii","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"5a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-18,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIEL","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15451, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":50,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/pinus-elliottii.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/348346809","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197739479","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Jay Horn, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Southern yellow pine for lumber and pulp wood.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ4","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"tfs-fire-resisting","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"High Flammability","sourcePlacement":{"value":"remove from the Building Protection Zone; avoid in the Fuel Modified Zone","scheme":"tfs-bpz"},"edition":"2017","url":"https://www.fire.tas.gov.au/mysite/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5206","score":{"value":5206,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5042; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hough1969-2; sampling august. Primary study Hough1969: Hough, W. A. (1969). Caloric Value of Some Forest Fuels of the Southern United States. Res. Note SE-120. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Hough1969","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5163","score":{"value":5163,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5043; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hough1969-2; sampling january. Primary study Hough1969: Hough, W. A. (1969). Caloric Value of Some Forest Fuels of the Southern United States. Res. Note SE-120. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Hough1969","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5021","score":{"value":5021,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5044; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hough1969-2; sampling january. Primary study Hough1969: Hough, W. A. (1969). Caloric Value of Some Forest Fuels of the Southern United States. Res. Note SE-120. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Hough1969","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4622","score":{"value":4622,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5045; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hough1969-2; sampling january. Primary study Hough1969: Hough, W. A. (1969). Caloric Value of Some Forest Fuels of the Southern United States. Res. Note SE-120. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Hough1969","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 70.9","score":{"value":70.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13628; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 81.7","score":{"value":81.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13629; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 264.6","score":{"value":264.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13630; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 90.9","score":{"value":90.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13631; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame intensity (kW/m): 268","score":{"value":268,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame intensity (kW/m)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13632; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","plantPart":"litter","condition":"dead-material","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"original":"Varner2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 346.3","score":{"value":346.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15758; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2022-12; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2022: Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M., Kane, J. M., Banwell, E., Jules, E., & Stambaugh, M. (2022). Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach. Scientific Reports, 12, 7384.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Varner2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 39","score":{"value":39,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17164; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 39","score":{"value":39,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17165; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 42","score":{"value":42,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17166; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 41","score":{"value":41,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17167; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 60","score":{"value":60,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17168; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 71","score":{"value":71,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17169; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 33","score":{"value":33,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17170; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 41","score":{"value":41,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17171; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 37","score":{"value":37,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17172; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 40","score":{"value":40,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17173; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 47","score":{"value":47,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17174; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 78","score":{"value":78,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17175; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.9","score":{"value":1.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17176; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 3.1","score":{"value":3.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17177; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.2","score":{"value":1.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17178; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.9","score":{"value":1.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17179; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.2","score":{"value":1.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17180; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 2.2","score":{"value":2.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17181; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 3.7","score":{"value":3.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17182; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 2.6","score":{"value":2.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17183; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 2.3","score":{"value":2.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17184; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 2.1","score":{"value":2.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17185; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 2.2","score":{"value":2.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17186; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 1.4","score":{"value":1.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17187; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Nelson1986-1; sampling ND. Primary study Nelson1986: Nelson Jr., R. M., & Adkins, C. W. (1986). Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 1293–1300.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Nelson1986","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","DC","DE","FL","GA","LA","MD","MS","NC","NJ","OH","PA","SC","TX","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central Pacific","TDWG level 3 HAW — Hawaii"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — Alabama"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["FL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 FLA — Florida"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["GA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 GEO — Georgia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["LA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 LOU — Louisiana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MS"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MSI — Mississippi"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["SC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 SCA — South Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL","DC","DE","FL","GA","LA","MD","MS","NC","NJ","OH","PA","SC","TX","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"7a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-elliottii","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"5a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-18,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIEL","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15451, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"5a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-18,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIEL","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15451, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"pinus-elliottii","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"5a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-18,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIEL","sourceTaxon":"Pinus elliottii","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15451, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae11473","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2018-01-04T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Pinus elliottii","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["Wagner et al. (2012), https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/hawaiianflora/Hawaiian_vascular_plant_updates_1.3.pdf"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"dead-material","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13628; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":6},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13629; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":7},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13630; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":8},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13631; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":9},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","claims":"FLAMITS record 13632; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Varner2021-1; sampling ND. Primary study Varner2021: Varner, J. M., Kane, J. M., Kreye, J. K., & Shearman, T. M. (2021). Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species: Evidence for Mesophication Gradients Across Multiple Ecosystems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 727042. Primary-study method: freshly fallen litter was oven-dried at 50–60°C for at least 24 hours to constant mass; each trial used a 15 g dry litter fuelbed, with five to seven trials per species.","conditionSource":{"title":"Litter Flammability of 50 Southeastern North American Tree Species","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.727042/full","publisher":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","sourcePlacement":"Materials and Methods, Laboratory Burning","documentDate":"2021-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidenceIndex":10}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["AL","FL","GA","LA","MS","SC"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"5a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}