{"id":"picea-abies","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Picea abies","commonNames":["Norway spruce"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Picea abies","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"PIAB","gbifKey":5284884,"itisTsn":183289,"wikidataQid":"Q145992","inatTaxonId":63567},"usdaZoneMin":"4a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["CT","DC","DE","IL","KY","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","NC","NH","NJ","NY","OH","PA","RI","VA","VT","WI","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CNT — Connecticut"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["IL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ILL — Illinois"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAS — Massachusetts"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAI — Maine"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MIC — Michigan"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MN"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MIN — Minnesota"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NCA — North Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NH"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWH — New Hampshire"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NJ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWJ — New Jersey"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 OHI — Ohio"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["PA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 PEN — Pennsylvania"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["RI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 RHO — Rhode I."]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VRG — Virginia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WIS — Wisconsin"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WVA — West Virginia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9817","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Picea abies","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021dqg), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIAB"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"picea-abies","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Picea abies","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIAB","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15369, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":75,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/picea-abies.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/55694648","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35326441","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Георгий Виноградов (Georgy Vinogradov), some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Long sweeping to weeping branches-generally branch to the ground.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Tolerates insects and disease; most adaptive spruce; resists windthrow.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"keep 30 ft from the home (Zone 3)","scheme":"b921-siting"},"edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Tolerates cold climates and some warm climates.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"fenz-low-flammability","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderate/high flammability","claims":"Moderate/high flammability classification.","plantPart":"shoot","edition":"2026","url":"https://www.checkitsalright.nz/reduce-your-risk/low-flammability-plants","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"msu-e2948","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"considered wildfire-resistant and are recommended for Michigan’s climate","claims":"Table 1 row: Picea abies (Norway spruce).","edition":"New, January 2007","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714035839/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/mi_wildfire_resistant.pdf","documentDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"MUY DESACONSEJADA","claims":"Picea abies is rated “MUY DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"not suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 39.57","score":{"value":39.57,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2980; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4569.31","score":{"value":4569.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2990; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 231.75","score":{"value":231.75,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3000; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4846.18","score":{"value":4846.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3926; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Gillon1997","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 13","score":{"value":13,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10642; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 19","score":{"value":19,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10643; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 22","score":{"value":22,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10644; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 30","score":{"value":30,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10645; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 161","score":{"value":161,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10646; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10647; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10648; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 26","score":{"value":26,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10649; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 35","score":{"value":35,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10650; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 46","score":{"value":46,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10651; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.02","score":{"value":0.02,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10652; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.04","score":{"value":0.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10653; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.06","score":{"value":0.06,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10654; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.11","score":{"value":0.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10655; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.03","score":{"value":0.03,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10656; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 2.91","score":{"value":2.91,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10657; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.09","score":{"value":0.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10658; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.18","score":{"value":0.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10659; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.25","score":{"value":0.25,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10660; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.3","score":{"value":0.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10661; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 69.505","score":{"value":69.505,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15567; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhang2022-1; sampling january and march 2011. Primary study Zhang2022: Zhang, S., Cornwell, W. K., Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., Krab, E. J., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2022). Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species. Journal of Ecology, 111, 761-772.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhang2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 5.75","score":{"value":5.75,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15608; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhang2022-1; sampling january and march 2011. Primary study Zhang2022: Zhang, S., Cornwell, W. K., Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., Krab, E. J., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2022). Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species. Journal of Ecology, 111, 761-772.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhang2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 734.92","score":{"value":734.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17148; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Blauw2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Blauw2017: Blauw, L. G., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Broekman, R., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). (Tree species identity in high-latitude forests determines fire spread through fuel ladders from branches to soil and vice versa. Forest Ecology and Management 400, 475-484.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blauw2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 640.98","score":{"value":640.98,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17151; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Blauw2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Blauw2017: Blauw, L. G., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Broekman, R., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). (Tree species identity in high-latitude forests determines fire spread through fuel ladders from branches to soil and vice versa. Forest Ecology and Management 400, 475-484.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blauw2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 633.44","score":{"value":633.44,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17154; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Blauw2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Blauw2017: Blauw, L. G., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Broekman, R., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). (Tree species identity in high-latitude forests determines fire spread through fuel ladders from branches to soil and vice versa. Forest Ecology and Management 400, 475-484.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blauw2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 735.93","score":{"value":735.93,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17157; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Blauw2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Blauw2017: Blauw, L. G., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Broekman, R., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). (Tree species identity in high-latitude forests determines fire spread through fuel ladders from branches to soil and vice versa. Forest Ecology and Management 400, 475-484.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blauw2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature increase rate (°C/s): 92.05","score":{"value":92.05,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17160; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Blauw2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Blauw2017: Blauw, L. G., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Broekman, R., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). (Tree species identity in high-latitude forests determines fire spread through fuel ladders from branches to soil and vice versa. Forest Ecology and Management 400, 475-484.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blauw2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature increase rate (°C/s): 70.38","score":{"value":70.38,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature increase rate (°C/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17163; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Blauw2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study Blauw2017: Blauw, L. G., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Broekman, R., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). (Tree species identity in high-latitude forests determines fire spread through fuel ladders from branches to soil and vice versa. Forest Ecology and Management 400, 475-484.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blauw2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 45","score":{"value":45,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17324; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 48","score":{"value":48,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17325; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 52","score":{"value":52,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17326; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 56","score":{"value":56,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17327; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 55","score":{"value":55,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17328; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 50","score":{"value":50,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17329; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 45","score":{"value":45,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17330; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 51","score":{"value":51,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17331; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 61","score":{"value":61,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17332; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device radiant panel; site Simms1967-1; sampling ND. Primary study Simms1967: Simms, D.L., & Law, M. (1967). The ignition of wet and dry wood by radiation. Combustion and Flame, 11, 377–388.","original":"Simms1967","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 13","score":{"value":13,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19161; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20","score":{"value":20,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19162; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 23","score":{"value":23,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19163; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 42","score":{"value":42,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19164; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 146","score":{"value":146,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19165; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 21","score":{"value":21,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19166; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 28","score":{"value":28,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19167; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 39","score":{"value":39,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19168; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 60","score":{"value":60,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19169; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 223","score":{"value":223,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19170; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 38","score":{"value":38,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19171; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 66","score":{"value":66,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19172; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 73","score":{"value":73,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19173; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 86","score":{"value":86,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19174; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 379","score":{"value":379,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19175; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 103","score":{"value":103,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19176; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 200","score":{"value":200,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19177; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 373","score":{"value":373,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19178; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 738","score":{"value":738,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19179; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 456","score":{"value":456,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19180; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 681","score":{"value":681,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19181; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1148","score":{"value":1148,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19182; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1398","score":{"value":1398,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19183; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1395","score":{"value":1395,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19184; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1545","score":{"value":1545,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19185; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 761","score":{"value":761,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19186; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 8.6","score":{"value":8.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19187; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 815","score":{"value":815,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19188; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 777","score":{"value":777,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19189; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 815","score":{"value":815,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19190; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Hagen2009-1; sampling ND. Primary study Hagen2009: Hagen, M., Hereid, J., Delichatsios, M. A., Zhang, J., & Bakirtzis, D. (2009). Flammability assessment of fire-retarded Nordic Spruce wood using thermogravimetric analyses and cone calorimetry. Fire Safety Journal, 44, 1053–66.","original":"Hagen2009","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 218","score":{"value":218,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19191; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 268","score":{"value":268,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19192; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 178","score":{"value":178,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19193; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 229","score":{"value":229,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19194; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 179","score":{"value":179,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19195; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 218","score":{"value":218,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19196; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20","score":{"value":20,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19203; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19205; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19207; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Martinka2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Martinka2016: Martinka, J., Ka?íková, D., Rantuch, P., & Balog, K. (2016). Investigation of the influence of spruce and oak wood heat treatment upon heat release rate and propensity for fire propagation in the flashover phase. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, 58(1), 5–14.","original":"Martinka2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 397.33","score":{"value":397.33,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19543; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 371.98","score":{"value":371.98,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19552; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2284.89736","score":{"value":2284.89736,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19561; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2980.40482","score":{"value":2980.40482,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19570; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"greece-property-fire-regulation-2023","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Picea abies","claims":"The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"section 5.4.2, Table 2δi","scheme":"greece-2023-particularly-flammable"},"edition":"FEK B 3475/2023","url":"https://www.elinyae.gr/ethniki-nomothesia/ya-oik-ypendaoka5590420192023-fek-3475b-2452023","documentDate":"2023-05-24T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"majority","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CT","DC","DE","IL","KY","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","NC","NH","NJ","NY","OH","PA","RI","VA","VT","WI","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CNT — Connecticut"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["IL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ILL — Illinois"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAS — Massachusetts"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAI — Maine"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MIC — Michigan"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MN"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — 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Hampshire"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NJ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWJ — New Jersey"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 OHI — Ohio"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["PA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 PEN — Pennsylvania"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["RI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 RHO — Rhode I."]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VRG — Virginia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WIS — Wisconsin"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WVA — West Virginia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT","DC","DE","IL","KY","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","NC","NH","NJ","NY","OH","PA","RI","VA","VT","WI","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"4a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"picea-abies","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Picea abies","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIAB","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15369, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"overlapping","assertions":[{"minimum":"3","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Picea abies","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PIAB","sourceTaxon":"Picea abies","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15369, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9817","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Picea abies","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021dqg), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIAB"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"msu-e2948","sourceName":"Wildfire-resistant Landscape Plants for Michigan (Extension Bulletin E2948)","sourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714035839/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/mi_wildfire_resistant.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MI"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E2948 is explicitly a list of wildfire-resistant landscape plants for Michigan and includes a Michigan-native field. FireApproved publishes 221 exact GBIF owners from 226 represented source rows and holds 15 complex or non-exact rows. This dated publication scope is not a current site-suitability determination.","sourceVersion":"MSU-Extension-E2948-2007","asOf":"2007-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}