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A permit is issued by the commissioner for movement of regulated articles to restricted destinations for limited handling, utilization, processing, or scientific purposes.","sourceUrl":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter317/section10/"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"named-taxon-only","exceptionReview":"not-applicable","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; FireApproved publishes only this unique exact same-rank plant match, and the source's Oplismenus infraspecific row is retained without species-page projection"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"phragmites-australis","sourceTaxon":"Phragmites australis","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"PHAU7","sourceTaxon":"Phragmites australis","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 24710, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"grass","matureHeightFt":10,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/phragmites-australis.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/440502891","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/246718346","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Zach Earl, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Fast spreading grass-keeps dead foliage all winter-easily spread by wind blowing seed.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ4","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"VH flammability","claims":"Invasive, especially in moist soils; tolerates full sun.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"plant in Zone 2-3 or beyond","scheme":"b921-siting"},"edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4096.55","score":{"value":4096.55,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14640; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Zhang2011-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhang2011: Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., & Zhou, D. (2011). Flammability characterisation of grassland species of Songhua Jiang-Nen Jiang Plain (China) using thermal analysis. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 283-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhang2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 427.28","score":{"value":427.28,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14650; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device thermal analyzer; site Zhang2011-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhang2011: Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., & Zhou, D. (2011). Flammability characterisation of grassland species of Songhua Jiang-Nen Jiang Plain (China) using thermal analysis. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 283-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhang2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 50.07","score":{"value":50.07,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14660; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device thermal analyzer; site Zhang2011-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhang2011: Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., & Zhou, D. (2011). Flammability characterisation of grassland species of Songhua Jiang-Nen Jiang Plain (China) using thermal analysis. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 283-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhang2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","AR","AZ","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","FL","GA","HI","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OK","OR","PA","PR","RI","SC","SD","TN","TX","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central 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273.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; Chapter 273 defines species to include synonyms, subspecies, hybrids, varieties, forms, and cultivars, but FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; the rule provides a committee exemption process for researched subordinate taxa and no current approved-exemption roster was located"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"]},"authority":"Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources","source":"massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list-2026-05","sourceRecordId":"massachusetts:045:phragmites-australis","sourceVersion":"Massachusetts-Prohibited-Plant-List-May-2026","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Phragmites australis","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Massachusetts Prohibited Plant List","label":"Prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list","https://www.mass.gov/files/csv/2026-05/prohibitedplantlistMay2026.csv"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa","exceptionReview":"not-applicable","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the official page applies the list to cultivars, varieties, and hybrids, while FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; activity, timing, operator, and permit conditions are modeled separately from taxonomic scope"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"]},"authority":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","source":"new-york-6-nycrr-part-575-2015","sourceRecordId":"new-york:part-575:plant:055","sourceVersion":"6-NYCRR-Part-575-effective-2015-03-10-reviewed-2026-08-26","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Phragmites australis","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"6 NYCRR 575.3 prohibited","label":"Prohibited invasive species — specified possession, trade, transport, introduction, propagation, and disposal rules"},"associatedReferences":["https://dec.ny.gov/nature/invasive-species/resources-regulations/regulations","https://extapps.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/islist.pdf","https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2018/09/september102014rulemaking.pdf"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may knowingly possess this prohibited invasive species with intent to sell, import, purchase, transport, or introduce it; sale, import, purchase, transport, introduction, and propagation are prohibited, and disposal must render it nonliving and nonviable.","effectiveOn":"2015-03-10T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2018/09/september102014rulemaking.pdf"},{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Possession or transport for identification or disposal, and control or management of pre-existing invasive species, remain exempt when handled within Part 575's no-spread boundary.","sourceUrl":"https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2018/09/september102014rulemaking.pdf"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"A New York State Department of Environmental Conservation permit is required to carry out a prohibited activity for research, education, or another approved activity: possession with intent to sell, import, purchase, transport, or introduction.","sourceUrl":"https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2018/09/september102014rulemaking.pdf"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"named-taxon-only","exceptionReview":"not-applicable","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; parenthetical source names are retained only to block unsafe negative receipts, while automatic publication uses the primary exact or accepted species name; current named cultivar exemptions are not projected onto this species page"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae9777","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Phragmites australis","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021doy), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PHAU7"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"noxious-listed","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"authority":"Virginia Board of Agriculture and Consumer Services","source":"virginia-2vac5-317-noxious-weeds-2024","sourceRecordId":"2vac5-317-20:tier-3:13","sourceVersion":"2VAC5-317-20-amended-effective-2024-07-04-reviewed-2026-08-26","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Phragmites australis","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"2VAC5-317-20 Tier 3","label":"Tier 3 noxious weed — Present in the Commonwealth; spread may be slowed by movement restrictions; successful eradication or suppression is not feasible"},"associatedReferences":["https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter317/section20/","https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter317/section10/","https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter317/section30/","https://register.dls.virginia.gov/details.aspx?id=11101"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"A regulated article is any listed noxious weed or any article carrying or capable of carrying a listed noxious weed. Move means to ship, offer for shipment, receive for transportation, carry, or otherwise transport, move, or allow to be moved. The movement of a regulated article is prohibited unless accompanied by a valid certificate or permit.","sourceUrl":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter317/section30/"},{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"The movement rule allows either a valid certificate or a permit to accompany the regulated article. A certificate is issued or authorized by the commissioner and indicates that the regulated article is not contaminated with a noxious weed. A permit is issued by the commissioner for movement of regulated articles to restricted destinations for limited handling, utilization, processing, or scientific purposes.","sourceUrl":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter317/section10/"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"named-taxon-only","exceptionReview":"not-applicable","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; FireApproved publishes only this unique exact same-rank plant match, and the source's Oplismenus infraspecific row is retained without species-page projection"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["AL","AR","AZ","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","FL","GA","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MS","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OK","OR","PA","RI","SD","TN","TX","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"ME","status":"noxious-listed","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092"},{"state":"MA","status":"noxious-listed","source":"massachusetts-prohibited-plant-list-2026-05"},{"state":"NY","status":"noxious-listed","source":"new-york-6-nycrr-part-575-2015"},{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"},{"state":"VA","status":"noxious-listed","source":"virginia-2vac5-317-noxious-weeds-2024"}],"usdaZoneMin":"3a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}