{"id":"osmanthus-fragrans","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Osmanthus fragrans","commonNames":["Fragrant osmanthus"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Osmanthus fragrans","family":"Oleaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"OSFR2","gbifKey":3172278,"itisTsn":505977,"wikidataQid":"Q1209922","inatTaxonId":371103},"usdaZoneMin":"7a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["DC","DE","MD","NJ","OH","PA","WV"],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"osmanthus-fragrans","sourceTaxon":"Osmanthus fragrans","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":25,"sun":"full","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/osmanthus-fragrans.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/506319142","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/281841901","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) froggymum, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Native entire margin leaf broadleaf evergreen. Many small fragrant cream flowers in late winter.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 57.33","score":{"value":57.33,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7059; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 68.14","score":{"value":68.14,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7085; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.68","score":{"value":0.68,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7111; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1633.71","score":{"value":1633.71,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7137; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 4.01","score":{"value":4.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7163; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total smoke release (m²/m²): 74.02","score":{"value":74.02,"scale":"FLAMITS — total smoke release (m²/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7189; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.32","score":{"value":0.32,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7215; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke specific extinction area (m²/kg): 39.4","score":{"value":39.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke specific extinction area (m²/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7241; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 25.89","score":{"value":25.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 7267; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Liu2013-1; sampling ND. Primary study Liu2013: Liu, M., Yi, L., Yu, S., Zhou, G., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2013). Combustibility of fresh leaves of 26 forest species in China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25, 528-536.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Liu2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 80.5","score":{"value":80.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12997; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 105.2","score":{"value":105.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12998; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 228.8","score":{"value":228.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12999; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 240.6","score":{"value":240.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13000; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 17","score":{"value":17,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13005; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 36","score":{"value":36,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13006; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 42","score":{"value":42,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13007; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 43","score":{"value":43,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13008; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Tao2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tao2020: Tao, J. J. (2020). Study on the transition mechanism for broadleaf foliage from smoldering to flaming combustion under external radiant heat flux. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 10, 765-773.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tao2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"canberra-plant-selector","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Fire Retardant — Yes — Osmanthus fragrans","claims":"The live Canberra Plant Selector marks “Osmanthus fragrans” as “Fire Retardant: Yes.”","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"filtered result page 20","scheme":"canberra-selector"},"edition":"live tool capture 2026-08-25","url":"https://plantselector.com.au/browse-plants/?fire_retardant%5B0%5D=1","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["DC","DE","MD","NJ","OH","PA","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["DC","DE","MD","NJ","OH","PA","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"7a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"osmanthus-fragrans","sourceTaxon":"Osmanthus fragrans","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"unresolved-applicability","assertions":[{"minimum":"7","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"osmanthus-fragrans","sourceTaxon":"Osmanthus fragrans","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}