{"id":"nothofagus-antarctica","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Nothofagus antarctica","commonNames":["Nothofagus antarctica"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Nothofagus antarctica","family":"Nothofagaceae","ids":{"gbifKey":2874930},"regions":["Argentina","Chile"],"plantForm":"tree","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 664; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2015-1; sampling november to april. Primary study Bianchi2015: Bianchi, L. O., & Defossé, G. E. (2015). Live fuel moisture content and leaf ignition of forest species in Andean Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24, 340-348.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 63.77","score":{"value":63.77,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 670; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2015-1; sampling november to april. Primary study Bianchi2015: Bianchi, L. O., & Defossé, G. E. (2015). Live fuel moisture content and leaf ignition of forest species in Andean Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24, 340-348.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 12.6","score":{"value":12.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 676; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2015-1; sampling november to april. Primary study Bianchi2015: Bianchi, L. O., & Defossé, G. E. (2015). Live fuel moisture content and leaf ignition of forest species in Andean Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24, 340-348.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 687; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 12.6","score":{"value":12.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 705; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 2.5","score":{"value":2.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 723; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 63.77","score":{"value":63.77,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 741; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.2","score":{"value":2.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 761; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.74","score":{"value":1.74,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 762; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.41","score":{"value":2.41,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 763; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.08","score":{"value":2.08,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 764; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 9.04","score":{"value":9.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 785; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 7.86","score":{"value":7.86,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 786; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 10.39","score":{"value":10.39,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 787; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 8.44","score":{"value":8.44,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 788; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Blackhall2012: Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T.T. (2012). Is foliar flammability of woody species related to time since fire and herbivory in northwest Patagonia, Argentina? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 931-941.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Blackhall2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 25.2","score":{"value":25.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 821; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 278","score":{"value":278,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 852; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 30.3","score":{"value":30.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 883; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 50","score":{"value":50,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 914; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2066","score":{"value":2066,"scale":"FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 945; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 6257.4","score":{"value":6257.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1301; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Cobar2014-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Cobar2014: Cóbar-Carranza, A. J., García, R. A., Pauchard, A., & Pena, E. (2014). Effect of Pinus contorta invasion on forest fuel properties and its potential implications on the fire regime of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus antarctica forests. Biological Invasions, 16, 2273-2291.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Cobar2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 33","score":{"value":33,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4022; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 22","score":{"value":22,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4032; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 251.85","score":{"value":251.85,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4035; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"heat released per mass (°C s/g): 1914","score":{"value":1914,"scale":"FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4043; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"FLAMITS measurements are retained as non-voting evidence; the database publishes no cross-variable directional threshold."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":[],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}