{"id":"nerium-oleander","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Nerium oleander","commonNames":["Oleander"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Nerium oleander","family":"Apocynaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"NEOL","gbifKey":3169756,"itisTsn":30184,"wikidataQid":"Q155833","inatTaxonId":47563},"usdaZoneMin":"8a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["AL","AZ","CA","DC","DE","FL","GA","LA","MD","MS","NC","NJ","OH","PA","PR","SC","TX","UT","VI","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — Alabama"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARK — Arkansas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARI — Arizona"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["GA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 GEO — Georgia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central Pacific","TDWG level 3 HAW — Hawaii"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["LA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 LOU — Louisiana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MS"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MSI — Mississippi"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NCA — North Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["SC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 SCA — South Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEX — Texas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae12075","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Nerium oleander","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["Imada (2019), http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/publications/pdf/tr69.pdf"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9401","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Nerium oleander","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021dcw), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=NEOL"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"8","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"nerium-oleander","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"8a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":14,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"NEOL","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 43376, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"shrub","matureHeightFt":8,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"low","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/nerium-oleander.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/614560338","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/337994739","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"AT RISK Firewise (3)","claims":"Extremely poisonous sap in whole plant if eaten or if used as a cooking utensil.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ2","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"long-2006-srs","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Low flammability (whole-plant burns, NIST BFRL)","plantPart":"whole-plant","edition":"2006","url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_long004.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"tfs-fire-resisting","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderate Flammability","sourcePlacement":{"value":"should be avoided in the Building Protection Zone","scheme":"tfs-bpz"},"edition":"2017","url":"https://www.fire.tas.gov.au/mysite/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ganteaume-2013-provence-ornamental-hedges","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderately flammable cluster","score":{"value":2,"scale":"valette-0-5-live-leaf"},"claims":"Live leaves were tested by epiradiator for ignition frequency, time to ignition, and flaming duration.","plantPart":"leaf","condition":"green","edition":"2013","url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941751/document","documentDate":"2013-06-14T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"molina-2017-ignition-index","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Very flammable (Valette 4)","score":{"value":4,"scale":"valette-0-5-live-leaf"},"claims":"Table 2 reports 171.19% foliar moisture, 17.24 s mean time to ignition, and 14.44 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.","plantPart":"leaf","condition":"green","edition":"2017","url":"https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/10396/27022/3/","documentDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"onf-dfci-haies-2012","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Forte fire sensitivity","claims":"The fiche's overall sensitivity combines experimental-bench inflammability, intensity, and combustion measurements with foresters' observations of fire damage.","claimOriginal":"Sensibilité au feu : Forte","plantPart":"whole-plant","edition":"2012","url":"https://www.biot.fr/media-file/1393/guide-dfci-haies.pdf","documentDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"maire-1962-landscape-to-prevent-fire","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"PLANTS FOR FIRE PROTECTION","claims":"Nerium oleander (Oleander) appears in the source's conditioned examples for landscaping irrigated hillsides. Fuel volume is to be minimized, plants watered to their needs, and accumulated litter removed.","plantPart":"whole-plant","condition":"green","sourcePlacement":{"value":"irrigated hillsides","scheme":"maire-1968-fire-protection-landscape"},"edition":"AXT-254","url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02962519x","documentDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"DESACONSEJADA","claims":"Nerium oleander is rated “DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"not suitable inside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"macalister-2025-sajb-cape-town","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Didn't burn","claims":"Official-workbook means across 10 leaf trials: fresh ignition 6.915 s, fresh sustainability 118.764 s, dry ignition 1.62 s, dry sustainability 35.012 s, and combustibility 19.365 mg DW s-1. Published Table 1 observation for the 2021 fire: Didn't burn.","plantPart":"leaf","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Urban zone; Table 1 and deposited raw workbook","scheme":"macalister-2025-leaf-flammability"},"edition":"South African Journal of Botany 184:1163-1173","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629925004168","documentDate":"2025-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"tadaki-kira-fire-classification","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"大","score":{"value":3,"scale":"tadaki-kira-fire-protection-power-0-3"},"claims":"Table 10-2 prints キョウチクトウ in the large fire-protection-power class. The Kagoshima reproduction says highly fire-protective trees can slow spread, promote upward dispersal of heat and smoke, and intercept flying embers.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"キョウチクトウ — Table 10-2","scheme":"tadaki-kira-1982-fire-protection-power"},"edition":"Hito to Shinrin (1982), Table 10-2; Kagoshima web reproduction","url":"https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ah12/kurashi-kankyo/sumai/kankyo/hoshin3/theme10/273.html","documentDate":"1982-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nc-plant-toolbox","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"low flammability","claims":"NC Toolbox facet capture lists \"Nerium oleander\" under the low flammability tag.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"nerium-oleander","scheme":"nc-toolbox-flammability-facet"},"edition":"live facet capture accessed 2026-08-23","url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nerium-oleander/","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"lubin-shelly-1997-ucfpl-compilation","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"RECOMMENDED by 13 references for use in high fire risk areas.","claims":"1997 Landscape Vegetation Database row: Nerium oleander (Oleander). Preserved UCFPL transcription marker: F13.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Chapter 4, Landscape Vegetation Database","scheme":"ucfpl-1997"},"edition":"Internal Report 36.01.137 (July 1997)","url":"https://www.firesafemonterey.org/uploads/1/0/6/5/10653434/uc_forestproductslabdefensiblespaceplantlist_ocr.pdf","documentDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 49","score":{"value":49,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3609; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2012: Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., & Lampin, C. (2012). Assessing the flammability of surface fuels beneath ornamental vegetation in wildland–urban interfaces in Provence (south-eastern France). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 22, 333.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Ganteaume2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 67","score":{"value":67,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3616; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2012: Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., & Lampin, C. (2012). Assessing the flammability of surface fuels beneath ornamental vegetation in wildland–urban interfaces in Provence (south-eastern France). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 22, 333.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Ganteaume2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 28.5","score":{"value":28.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3623; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Ganteaume2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2012: Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., & Lampin, C. (2012). Assessing the flammability of surface fuels beneath ornamental vegetation in wildland–urban interfaces in Provence (south-eastern France). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 22, 333.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Ganteaume2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 23.67","score":{"value":23.67,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3630; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2013-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2013: Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., Lampin, C., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2013). Flammability of some ornamental species in wildland-urban interfaces in southeastern France: laboratory assessment at particle level. Environmental Management, 52, 467-80.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 8.14","score":{"value":8.14,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3638; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2013-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2013: Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., Lampin, C., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2013). Flammability of some ornamental species in wildland-urban interfaces in southeastern France: laboratory assessment at particle level. Environmental Management, 52, 467-80.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 43","score":{"value":43,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3646; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2013-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2013: Ganteaume, A., Jappiot, M., Lampin, C., Guijarro, M., & Hernando, C. (2013). Flammability of some ornamental species in wildland-urban interfaces in southeastern France: laboratory assessment at particle level. Environmental Management, 52, 467-80.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 49.26","score":{"value":49.26,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3659; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 66.89","score":{"value":66.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3674; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 28.5","score":{"value":28.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3689; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame propagation: 3.1","score":{"value":3.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame propagation"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3704; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 23.67","score":{"value":23.67,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3719; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 8.14","score":{"value":8.14,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3734; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 43","score":{"value":43,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3749; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Ganteaume2018-1; sampling summer. Primary study Ganteaume2018: Ganteaume, A. (2018). Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27, 342-352.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Ganteaume2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 17.24","score":{"value":17.24,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9300; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 14.44","score":{"value":14.44,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9318; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 4","score":{"value":4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9336; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 34.11","score":{"value":34.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9360; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 9.7","score":{"value":9.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9374; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 6.01","score":{"value":6.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9388; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 0.7","score":{"value":0.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9402; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2019-1; sampling july and september. Primary study Molina2019: Molina, J., Lora, A., Prades, C., & Silva, F. R. (2019). Roadside vegetation planning and conservation: New approach to prevent and mitigate wildfires based on fire ignition potential. Forest ecology and management, 444, 163-173.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 28","score":{"value":28,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13014; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Terrei2019-1; sampling april to june. Primary study Terrei2019: Terrei, L., Lamorlette, A., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). Modelling the fire propagation from the fuel bed to the lower canopy of ornamental species used in wildland–urban interfaces. International journal of wildland fire, 28, 113-126.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Terrei2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 260.5","score":{"value":260.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13018; Ignitability measurement; plant part branches; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Terrei2019-1; sampling april to june. Primary study Terrei2019: Terrei, L., Lamorlette, A., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). Modelling the fire propagation from the fuel bed to the lower canopy of ornamental species used in wildland–urban interfaces. International journal of wildland fire, 28, 113-126.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Terrei2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 35","score":{"value":35,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13022; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Terrei2019-1; sampling april to june. Primary study Terrei2019: Terrei, L., Lamorlette, A., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). Modelling the fire propagation from the fuel bed to the lower canopy of ornamental species used in wildland–urban interfaces. International journal of wildland fire, 28, 113-126.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Terrei2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.21","score":{"value":0.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13026; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Terrei2019-1; sampling april to june. Primary study Terrei2019: Terrei, L., Lamorlette, A., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). Modelling the fire propagation from the fuel bed to the lower canopy of ornamental species used in wildland–urban interfaces. International journal of wildland fire, 28, 113-126.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Terrei2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 816","score":{"value":816,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13030; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Terrei2019-1; sampling april to june. Primary study Terrei2019: Terrei, L., Lamorlette, A., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). Modelling the fire propagation from the fuel bed to the lower canopy of ornamental species used in wildland–urban interfaces. International journal of wildland fire, 28, 113-126.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Terrei2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.81","score":{"value":0.81,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13034; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Terrei2019-1; sampling april to june. Primary study Terrei2019: Terrei, L., Lamorlette, A., & Ganteaume, A. (2019). Modelling the fire propagation from the fuel bed to the lower canopy of ornamental species used in wildland–urban interfaces. International journal of wildland fire, 28, 113-126.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Terrei2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 336.5","score":{"value":336.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16670; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guney2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 23.7","score":{"value":23.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16671; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guney2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 43.9","score":{"value":43.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16672; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guney2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 13.9","score":{"value":13.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16673; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guney2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 10","score":{"value":10,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16674; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Guney2022-1; sampling may and september 2017. Primary study Guney2022: Güney, C. O., Sar?, A., Cekim, H. O., Küçüksille, E. U., ?entürk, Ö., Gülsoy, S., & Özkan, K. (2022). An advanced approach for leaf flammability index estimation. International journal of wildland fire, 31, 277-290.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Guney2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"yavapai-34","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Fire-Resistant Plants","claims":"Listed as Oleander — Nerium oleander. The bulletin says fire-resistant plants tend to resist ignition when irrigated and maintained, while fire-prone plants may ignite readily and burn intensely.","plantPart":"whole-plant","edition":"v1.2","url":"https://www.extension.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/FirewisePlants3-14-2025.pdf","documentDate":"2025-03-14T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"travis-county-agrilife-firewise","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Plants to Avoid for Zone 1 (within 30′ of Structure)","claims":"Listed as Oleander-Nerium — Nerium oleander. The page says Zone 1 entries should be restricted to zones 2 or 3; all-zone entries are highly flammable due to volatile oils or growth habit.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Small Shrubs","scheme":"Travis County Firewise page sections"},"edition":"page modified 2024-01-16","url":"https://travis-tx.tamu.edu/about-2/horticulture/basic-landscape-design/firewise-landscaping/","documentDate":"2024-01-16T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"sun-city-tx-firewise-plant-guide-2015","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"med","claims":"The table rates Oleander — Nerium oleander med for flammability hazard, defined as the ease a plant can burn at high temperatures for a prolonged time.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Avoid if Possible","scheme":"Sun City plant-table sections"},"edition":"updated January 14, 2015","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250114065810/https://www.sariverauthority.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/FIREWISE-PLANT-LIST-Sun-City.pdf","documentDate":"2015-01-14T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ogm-yardop-circulars","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"güç yanan ve rüzgar perdesi oluşturan otsu veya odunsu bitkilerden — zakkum","claims":"The YARDOP circular directs managers to preserve, encourage, or use this named taxon in fire-resistant or slow-burning forest and fire-prevention plantings.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Yangın önleyici tesisler; Dere vejetasyonlarının korunması","scheme":"yardop-6976-operational-fire-resistant-planting"},"edition":"Circular 6976","url":"https://www.lexpera.com.tr/resmi-gazete/metin/yanan-orman-alanlarinin-rehabilitasyonu-ve-yangina-direncli-ormanlar-tesisi-projesi-20140915-2","documentDate":"2014-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"disputed","recommendation":"conflict","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","AZ","CA","DC","DE","FL","GA","LA","MD","MS","NC","NJ","OH","PA","PR","SC","TX","UT","VI","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — Alabama"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARK — Arkansas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARI — Arizona"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["GA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 GEO — Georgia"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central Pacific","TDWG level 3 HAW — Hawaii"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["LA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 LOU — Louisiana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MS"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MSI — Mississippi"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NCA — North Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["SC"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 SCA — South Carolina"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 TEX — Texas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL","AZ","CA","DC","DE","FL","GA","LA","MD","MS","NC","NJ","OH","PA","PR","SC","TX","UT","VI","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"8a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"8","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"nerium-oleander","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"8a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":14,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"NEOL","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 43376, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"8a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":14,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"NEOL","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 43376, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"8","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"nerium-oleander","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"8a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":14,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"NEOL","sourceTaxon":"Nerium oleander","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 43376, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae12075","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Nerium oleander","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["Imada (2019), http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/publications/pdf/tr69.pdf"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae9401","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Nerium oleander","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021dcw), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=NEOL"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"conflict","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"lubin-shelly-1997-ucfpl-compilation","sourceName":"Defensible Space Landscaping in the Urban/Wildland Interface: A Compilation of Fire Performance Ratings of Residential Landscape Plants","sourceUrl":"https://www.firesafemonterey.org/uploads/1/0/6/5/10653434/uc_forestproductslabdefensiblespaceplantlist_ocr.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The UC Forest Products Laboratory says the guide covers properties of common California landscaping plants and was prepared for California fire agencies. FireApproved publishes 130 exact owners at historical California publication scope. The report is a 1997 compilation, not a current endorsement, site rating, or independent test of every row.","sourceVersion":"UCFPL-Internal-Report-36.01.137-1997-07","asOf":"1997-07-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"sun-city-tx-firewise-plant-guide-2015","sourceName":"Firewise Plant Guide","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250114065810/https://www.sariverauthority.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/FIREWISE-PLANT-LIST-Sun-City.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["Sun City Texas, Georgetown"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The guide is authored for the Sun City Texas community in Georgetown. FireApproved publishes 142 exact owners only as community-level context. It is an archived HOA exhibit with unknown rating lineage, not a current statewide Texas source or an independent Tier 1 determination.","sourceVersion":"Sun-City-Texas-Firewise-guide-2015-01-14","asOf":"2015-01-14T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"travis-county-agrilife-firewise","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (Travis County)","sourceUrl":"https://travis-tx.tamu.edu/about-2/horticulture/basic-landscape-design/firewise-landscaping/","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["Travis County","Austin area"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Texas A&M AgriLife Extension publishes this page through its Travis County horticulture program. FireApproved publishes 56 exact owners and retains the source's zone and warning conditions. This is county/Austin regional context, not a second statewide Texas table or site clearance.","sourceVersion":"Travis-County-AgriLife-Firewise-2024-01-16","asOf":"2024-01-16T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"yavapai-34","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant and Fire-Prone Plants Common to Yavapai County (Bulletin 34)","sourceUrl":"https://www.extension.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/FirewisePlants3-14-2025.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["Yavapai County"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"University of Arizona Cooperative Extension authors Bulletin 34 for Yavapai County. FireApproved publishes 198 exact source owners from its resistant and prone tables and keeps the county boundary visible. County publication scope is regional Arizona context, never statewide scope.","sourceVersion":"UA-Yavapai-Bulletin-34-v1.2-2025-03-14","asOf":"2025-03-14T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"green","evidence":[{"source":"ganteaume-2013-provence-ornamental-hedges","verdict":"mixed","url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941751/document","claims":"Live leaves were tested by epiradiator for ignition frequency, time to ignition, and flaming duration.","evidenceIndex":3},{"source":"molina-2017-ignition-index","verdict":"avoid","url":"https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/10396/27022/3/","claims":"Table 2 reports 171.19% foliar moisture, 17.24 s mean time to ignition, and 14.44 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.","evidenceIndex":4},{"source":"maire-1962-landscape-to-prevent-fire","verdict":"recommend","url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02962519x","claims":"Nerium oleander (Oleander) appears in the source's conditioned examples for landscaping irrigated hillsides. Fuel volume is to be minimized, plants watered to their needs, and accumulated litter removed.","evidenceIndex":6}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"8a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}