{"id":"ligustrum-vulgare","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Ligustrum vulgare","commonNames":["Common privit"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Ligustrum vulgare","family":"Oleaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"LIVU","gbifKey":3172300,"itisTsn":32980,"wikidataQid":"Q1848856","inatTaxonId":119805},"usdaZoneMin":"4a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["AL","AR","CO","CT","DC","DE","GA","IA","IL","IN","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MO","MT","NC","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NY","OH","OR","PA","RI","SC","TN","TX","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — Alabama"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARK — Arkansas"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CO"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 COL — Colorado"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["IL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ILL — Illinois"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWM — New Mexico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 74 — North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WIS — Wisconsin"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["DE"]},"authority":"Delaware Department of Agriculture","source":"delaware-3-de-admin-code-806-2026","sourceRecordId":"delaware:806:invasive:007","sourceVersion":"3-DE-Admin-Code-806-amended-effective-2026-05-11-reviewed-2026-08-26","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"3 DE Admin. Code 806 § 3.1","label":"Invasive Plant List — specified viable-material activities prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://agriculture.delaware.gov/plant-industries/nursery-inspection/","https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c029/index.html","https://regulations.delaware.gov/api/register/May2026/428efbc1-23e5-47a9-b127-094062022717","https://regulations.delaware.gov/api/register/March2026/de3aa728-afd8-4d61-8545-2609efcc0ca0"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may import, export, buy, sell, transport, distribute, or propagate any viable portion, including seeds, of a plant on the Invasive Plant List without the Secretary's prior written approval.","effectiveOn":"2022-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c029/index.html"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"The Secretary may provide prior written approval for disposal, control, research or education, or export for one of those purposes.","sourceUrl":"https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c029/index.html"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; FireApproved publishes only this unique exact same-rank primary source name; source synonyms, subordinate taxa, and current named cultivar exemptions do not create separate positive or clearance records"}},{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"]},"authority":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092","sourceRecordId":"maine:prohibited:021","sourceVersion":"Chapter-273-filing-2022-092-format-corrected-2025-09-24","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Chapter 273 Do Not Sell","label":"Specified living-plant trade activities prohibited since 2018-01-01"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.maine.gov/DACF/php/horticulture/invasiveplants.shtml","https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"Living viable material may not be imported, exported, bought, sold, or intentionally propagated for sale or distribution.","effectiveOn":"2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"The State Horticulturist may permit importation and field experimentation for scientific, educational, or other approved purposes under prescribed conditions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Preserved herbarium specimens and material preserved by other means are exempt from Chapter 273.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; Chapter 273 defines species to include synonyms, subspecies, hybrids, varieties, forms, and cultivars, but FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; the rule provides a committee exemption process for researched subordinate taxa and no current approved-exemption roster was located"}},{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"authority":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","source":"ohio-oac-901-5-30-01-2023","sourceRecordId":"ohio:901-5-30-01:A:025","sourceVersion":"OAC-901:5-30-01-effective-2023-02-13","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"OAC 901:5-30-01","label":"Listed invasive plant — specified sale, propagation, distribution, import, and dissemination activities prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01","https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/authenticated/901/5/30/901%245-30-01_20230213.pdf","https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may sell, offer for sale, propagate, distribute, import, or intentionally cause the dissemination of this listed invasive plant in Ohio.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Cultivated plants grown as food or livestock feed in accordance with generally accepted agricultural practices, including plants authorized by USDA APHIS, are excluded from the ORC 901.50 definition of invasive plant species.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"},{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Disposal and control are allowed only in a manner that does not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"Research or educational use requires an Ohio Department of Agriculture compliance agreement and must not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"sales-phase-out","statement":"The temporary paragraph (C) exception ended January 1, 2026 and is not active as of the 2026 source review.","endsOn":"2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the rule authorizes the director to exempt a cultivar upon scientific evidence, but no current official exemption roster was located, so no cultivar result is projected"}},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8927","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cnt), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LIVU"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"ligustrum-vulgare","sourceTaxon":"Ligustrum vulgare","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"LIVU","sourceTaxon":"Ligustrum vulgare","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 49834, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":20,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/ligustrum-vulgare.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/123469234","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75469431","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Евгений Егорейченков, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"AT RISK Firewise (3)","claims":"Used for hedges in landscape due to prolific fruit crop. Very invasive in the southern U. S.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"idaho-firewise-master-db","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"fire-resistance score 6/5 (cultivars vary) of 10","score":{"value":6,"scale":"idaho-0-10"},"sourcePlacement":{"value":"plantable at 50' from home","scheme":"idaho-distance"},"url":"https://idahofirewise.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"M flammability","claims":"More cold hardy species; can become invasive.","edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"M flammability","claims":"Subject to winter dieback in cold exposed areas. Weedy and invasive.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"gva-valencia","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"recommended low-flammability species (shrubs, native/forest column)","claimOriginal":"especies recomendadas","edition":"2019","url":"https://www.leliana.es/sites/www.leliana.es/files/files/Jardineria%20de%20baja%20inflamabilidad.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"molina-2017-ignition-index","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Very flammable (Valette 4)","score":{"value":4,"scale":"valette-0-5-live-leaf"},"claims":"Table 2 reports 136.73% foliar moisture, 15.32 s mean time to ignition, and 8.62 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.","plantPart":"leaf","condition":"green","edition":"2017","url":"https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/10396/27022/3/","documentDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"MUY RECOMENDADA","claims":"Ligustrum vulgare is rated “MUY RECOMENDADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15.32","score":{"value":15.32,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9299; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 8.63","score":{"value":8.63,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9317; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 4","score":{"value":4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9335; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Molina2017-1; sampling summer. Primary study Molina2017: Molina, J. R., Martín, T., Rodríguez Y Silva, F., & Herrera, M. Á. (2017). The ignition index based on flammability of vegetation improves planning in the wildland-urban interface: A case study in Southern Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 129-138.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Molina2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 11","score":{"value":11,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11652; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 163","score":{"value":163,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11689; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 165","score":{"value":165,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11726; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.13","score":{"value":0.13,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11763; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 86","score":{"value":86,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11800; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4225.18","score":{"value":4225.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11837; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 123","score":{"value":123,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11874; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"disputed","recommendation":"conflict","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","AR","CO","CT","DC","DE","GA","IA","IL","IN","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MO","MT","NC","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NY","OH","OR","PA","RI","SC","TN","TX","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ALA — 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North-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ILL — Illinois"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — 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Code 806 § 3.1","label":"Invasive Plant List — specified viable-material activities prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://agriculture.delaware.gov/plant-industries/nursery-inspection/","https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c029/index.html","https://regulations.delaware.gov/api/register/May2026/428efbc1-23e5-47a9-b127-094062022717","https://regulations.delaware.gov/api/register/March2026/de3aa728-afd8-4d61-8545-2609efcc0ca0"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may import, export, buy, sell, transport, distribute, or propagate any viable portion, including seeds, of a plant on the Invasive Plant List without the Secretary's prior written approval.","effectiveOn":"2022-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c029/index.html"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"The Secretary may provide prior written approval for disposal, control, research or education, or export for one of those purposes.","sourceUrl":"https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c029/index.html"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; FireApproved publishes only this unique exact same-rank primary source name; source synonyms, subordinate taxa, and current named cultivar exemptions do not create separate positive or clearance records"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ME"]},"authority":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092","sourceRecordId":"maine:prohibited:021","sourceVersion":"Chapter-273-filing-2022-092-format-corrected-2025-09-24","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"Chapter 273 Do Not Sell","label":"Specified living-plant trade activities prohibited since 2018-01-01"},"associatedReferences":["https://www.maine.gov/DACF/php/horticulture/invasiveplants.shtml","https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"Living viable material may not be imported, exported, bought, sold, or intentionally propagated for sale or distribution.","effectiveOn":"2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"The State Horticulturist may permit importation and field experimentation for scientific, educational, or other approved purposes under prescribed conditions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Preserved herbarium specimens and material preserved by other means are exempt from Chapter 273.","sourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/rules/001c273-2022-092.docx"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; Chapter 273 defines species to include synonyms, subspecies, hybrids, varieties, forms, and cultivars, but FireApproved publishes only this unique exact species match; the rule provides a committee exemption process for researched subordinate taxa and no current approved-exemption roster was located"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"prohibited","channel":"regulatory","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"authority":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","source":"ohio-oac-901-5-30-01-2023","sourceRecordId":"ohio:901-5-30-01:A:025","sourceVersion":"OAC-901:5-30-01-effective-2023-02-13","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"OAC 901:5-30-01","label":"Listed invasive plant — specified sale, propagation, distribution, import, and dissemination activities prohibited"},"associatedReferences":["https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01","https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/authenticated/901/5/30/901%245-30-01_20230213.pdf","https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"],"regulatoryConditions":[{"kind":"activity-restriction","statement":"No person may sell, offer for sale, propagate, distribute, import, or intentionally cause the dissemination of this listed invasive plant in Ohio.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"material-scope-exception","statement":"Cultivated plants grown as food or livestock feed in accordance with generally accepted agricultural practices, including plants authorized by USDA APHIS, are excluded from the ORC 901.50 definition of invasive plant species.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-901.50"},{"kind":"operational-exception","statement":"Disposal and control are allowed only in a manner that does not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"permit-required","statement":"Research or educational use requires an Ohio Department of Agriculture compliance agreement and must not result in further spread.","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"},{"kind":"sales-phase-out","statement":"The temporary paragraph (C) exception ended January 1, 2026 and is not active as of the 2026 source review.","endsOn":"2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","sourceUrl":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-901%3A5-30-01"}],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","legalScope":"includes-subordinate-taxa-with-exceptions","exceptionReview":"reviewed-not-excepted","notes":"unique exact same-rank source scientific/accepted name match; no subordinate projection; the rule authorizes the director to exempt a cultivar upon scientific evidence, but no current official exemption roster was located, so no cultivar result is projected"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8927","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Ligustrum vulgare","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cnt), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LIVU"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"conflict","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"idaho-firewise-master-db","sourceName":"Fire Resistance of Plants Master Database","sourceUrl":"https://idahofirewise.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["Southern Idaho"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The official database labels itself \"For Southern Idaho\" and describes Idaho residents at the urban-rangeland interface. FireApproved publishes 419 existing plant owners that cite its scored rows. This bounded Southern Idaho scope is regional context, not statewide coverage or a conclusion that the score transfers unchanged to every Idaho site.","sourceVersion":"Idaho-Firewise-Southern-Idaho-Master-2013-11-08","asOf":"2013-11-08T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"green","evidence":[{"source":"molina-2017-ignition-index","verdict":"avoid","url":"https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/10396/27022/3/","claims":"Table 2 reports 136.73% foliar moisture, 15.32 s mean time to ignition, and 8.62 s mean flame duration across 200 live-leaf samples.","evidenceIndex":5}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"DE","status":"noxious-listed","source":"delaware-3-de-admin-code-806-2026"},{"state":"ME","status":"noxious-listed","source":"maine-chapter-273-invasive-plants-2022-092"},{"state":"OH","status":"noxious-listed","source":"ohio-oac-901-5-30-01-2023"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}],"usdaZoneMin":"3a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}