{"id":"larix-kaempferi","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Larix kaempferi","commonNames":["Japanese Larch"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Larix kaempferi","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"LAKA2","gbifKey":2686157,"itisTsn":506606,"wikidataQid":"Q147439","inatTaxonId":143786},"usdaZoneMin":"3a","zoneSource":"usda-plants","states":["ID","NJ","NY","PA"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8805","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Larix kaempferi","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cjt), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LAKA2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"LAKA2","sourceTaxon":"Larix kaempferi","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15358, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":98,"waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/larix-kaempferi.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/237071151","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138676341","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Richard Littauer, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"idaho-firewise-master-db","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"fire-resistance score 5 of 10","score":{"value":5,"scale":"idaho-0-10"},"sourcePlacement":{"value":"plantable at 60' from home","scheme":"idaho-distance"},"url":"https://idahofirewise.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 4.48","score":{"value":4.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5684; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Kim1994-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kim1994: Kim, K., Jang, I., & Kim, S. (1994). Moisture content of litter layer and its combustibility by cigarette light in forests. Korean Journal of Ecology (Korea Republic), 17, 1-9.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kim1994","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 6.28","score":{"value":6.28,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5691; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Kim1994-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kim1994: Kim, K., Jang, I., & Kim, S. (1994). Moisture content of litter layer and its combustibility by cigarette light in forests. Korean Journal of Ecology (Korea Republic), 17, 1-9.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kim1994","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 158.41","score":{"value":158.41,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12383; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Seo2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Seo2016: Seo, H.J., Park, J.-E., & Son, D.W. (2016). Combustion and thermal characteristics of Korean wood species. BioResources, 11, 7537-7550.","original":"Seo2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 79.53","score":{"value":79.53,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12384; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Seo2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Seo2016: Seo, H.J., Park, J.-E., & Son, D.W. (2016). Combustion and thermal characteristics of Korean wood species. BioResources, 11, 7537-7550.","original":"Seo2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 18","score":{"value":18,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12385; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Seo2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Seo2016: Seo, H.J., Park, J.-E., & Son, D.W. (2016). Combustion and thermal characteristics of Korean wood species. BioResources, 11, 7537-7550.","original":"Seo2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 96.61","score":{"value":96.61,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12386; Consumability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Seo2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Seo2016: Seo, H.J., Park, J.-E., & Son, D.W. (2016). Combustion and thermal characteristics of Korean wood species. BioResources, 11, 7537-7550.","original":"Seo2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.61","score":{"value":1.61,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14668; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.52","score":{"value":1.52,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14669; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.45","score":{"value":1.45,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14670; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 511.62","score":{"value":511.62,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14680; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 624.23","score":{"value":624.23,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14681; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 710.7","score":{"value":710.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14682; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 224.06","score":{"value":224.06,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14692; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 248.93","score":{"value":248.93,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14693; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 412.89","score":{"value":412.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14694; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.67","score":{"value":1.67,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14701; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.69","score":{"value":1.69,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14702; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.53","score":{"value":1.53,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14703; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 2.19","score":{"value":2.19,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14704; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.82","score":{"value":1.82,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14705; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.71","score":{"value":1.71,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14706; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 597.14","score":{"value":597.14,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14713; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 649.78","score":{"value":649.78,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14714; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 605.75","score":{"value":605.75,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14715; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 543.94","score":{"value":543.94,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14716; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 606.41","score":{"value":606.41,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14717; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 645.89","score":{"value":645.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14718; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 2.3","score":{"value":2.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14725; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 2.4","score":{"value":2.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14726; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 2.43","score":{"value":2.43,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14727; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 1.26","score":{"value":1.26,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14728; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 1.37","score":{"value":1.37,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14729; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 2.24","score":{"value":2.24,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14730; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2018-2; sampling november and december. Primary study Zhao2018: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van der Werf, G. R., van Hal, J. R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2018). Disentangling effects of key coarse woody debris fuel properties on its combustion, consumption and carbon gas emissions during experimental laboratory fire. Forest ecology and management, 427, 275-288.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Zhao2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 41.89","score":{"value":41.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14743; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhao2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 420.34","score":{"value":420.34,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14744; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Zhao2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 97","score":{"value":97,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14751; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhao2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 5","score":{"value":5,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14752; Consumability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Zhao2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 99.97","score":{"value":99.97,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14759; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhao2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 99.04","score":{"value":99.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14760; Consumability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhao2019-1; sampling november. Primary study Zhao2019: Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., van Hal, J. R., Dong, M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2019). Non-additive effects of leaf and twig mixtures from different tree species on experimental litter-bed flammability. Plant and Soil, 436, 311-324.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Zhao2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 64","score":{"value":64,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18843; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 22","score":{"value":22,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18844; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 16","score":{"value":16,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18845; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 13","score":{"value":13,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18846; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 18","score":{"value":18,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18847; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 7.4","score":{"value":7.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18958; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 8.7","score":{"value":8.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18959; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 9.2","score":{"value":9.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18960; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 8.7","score":{"value":8.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18961; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 8.6","score":{"value":8.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18962; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 83","score":{"value":83,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19073; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 93","score":{"value":93,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19074; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 103","score":{"value":103,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19075; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 101","score":{"value":101,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19076; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 106","score":{"value":106,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19077; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Harada2001-1; sampling ND. Primary study Harada2001: Harada, T. (2001). Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test. Fire Materials, 25, 161–7.","original":"Harada2001","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"mid-scale","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["ID","NJ","NY","PA"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID","NJ","NY","PA"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"3a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"LAKA2","sourceTaxon":"Larix kaempferi","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15358, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"LAKA2","sourceTaxon":"Larix kaempferi","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15358, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"LAKA2","sourceTaxon":"Larix kaempferi","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15358, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8805","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Larix kaempferi","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cjt), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LAKA2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"idaho-firewise-master-db","sourceName":"Fire Resistance of Plants Master Database","sourceUrl":"https://idahofirewise.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["Southern Idaho"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The official database labels itself \"For Southern Idaho\" and describes Idaho residents at the urban-rangeland interface. FireApproved publishes 419 existing plant owners that cite its scored rows. This bounded Southern Idaho scope is regional context, not statewide coverage or a conclusion that the score transfers unchanged to every Idaho site.","sourceVersion":"Idaho-Firewise-Southern-Idaho-Master-2013-11-08","asOf":"2013-11-08T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"3a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}