{"id":"lantana-camara","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Lantana camara","commonNames":["Lantana"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Lantana camara","family":"Verbenaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"LACA2","gbifKey":2925303,"itisTsn":32175,"wikidataQid":"Q332469","inatTaxonId":50333},"states":["AL","AZ","CA","FL","GA","HI","LA","MS","NC","OK","PR","SC","TX","UT","VI"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central Pacific","TDWG level 3 HAW — Hawaii"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["PR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 8 — SOUTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 81 — Caribbean","TDWG level 3 PUE — Puerto Rico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae8790","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Lantana camara","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cjj), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LACA2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8791","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Lantana camara","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cjj), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LACA2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"plantForm":"shrub","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/lantana-camara.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/30555282","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19822099","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Matt Berger, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"tfs-fire-resisting","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderate Flammability","sourcePlacement":{"value":"should be avoided in the Building Protection Zone","scheme":"tfs-bpz"},"edition":"2017","url":"https://www.fire.tas.gov.au/mysite/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"DESACONSEJADA","claims":"Lantana camara is rated “DESACONSEJADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"not suitable inside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 59.84","score":{"value":59.84,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 471; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Batista2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Batista2020: Batista, A.C., Biondi, D., & Martini, A. (2020). Flammability of ornamental species for fire management in wildland-urban interface in Paraná state. Floresta, 51, 192-200.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Batista2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 10.5","score":{"value":10.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 472; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Batista2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Batista2020: Batista, A.C., Biondi, D., & Martini, A. (2020). Flammability of ornamental species for fire management in wildland-urban interface in Paraná state. Floresta, 51, 192-200.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Batista2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 14.7","score":{"value":14.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 473; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Batista2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Batista2020: Batista, A.C., Biondi, D., & Martini, A. (2020). Flammability of ornamental species for fire management in wildland-urban interface in Paraná state. Floresta, 51, 192-200.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Batista2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 4","score":{"value":4,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 505; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Batista2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Batista2020: Batista, A.C., Biondi, D., & Martini, A. (2020). Flammability of ornamental species for fire management in wildland-urban interface in Paraná state. Floresta, 51, 192-200.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Batista2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 506; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Batista2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Batista2020: Batista, A.C., Biondi, D., & Martini, A. (2020). Flammability of ornamental species for fire management in wildland-urban interface in Paraná state. Floresta, 51, 192-200.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Batista2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 9.21","score":{"value":9.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 9691; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Murray2013-1; sampling march to april. Primary study Murray2013: Murray, B. R., Hardstaff, L. K., & Phillips, M. L. (2013). Differences in leaf flammability, leaf traits and flammability-trait relationships between native and exotic plant species of dry sclerophyll forest. PLoS One, 8, e79205.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Murray2013","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 15","score":{"value":15,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11649; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 158","score":{"value":158,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11686; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 17","score":{"value":17,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11723; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.18","score":{"value":0.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11760; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 85","score":{"value":85,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11797; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2283.36","score":{"value":2283.36,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11834; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 95","score":{"value":95,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 11871; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Salvo2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Salvo2015: Salvo-Aires, F. (2015). Effects of woody weeds on fuels and fire behaviour in Eastern Australian forests and woodlands. PhD. Dissertation. University of Sydney.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Salvo2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"estimated burnt biomass (%): 21","score":{"value":21,"scale":"FLAMITS — estimated burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14982; Consumability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Potts2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Potts2022: Potts, E., Tng, D., Apgaua, D., Curran, T. J., Engert, J., & Laurance, S. G. (2022). Growth form and functional traits influence the shoot flammability of tropical rainforest species. Forest Ecology and Management, 522, 120485.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Potts2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 14.14","score":{"value":14.14,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15106; Sustainability measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Potts2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Potts2022: Potts, E., Tng, D., Apgaua, D., Curran, T. J., Engert, J., & Laurance, S. G. (2022). Growth form and functional traits influence the shoot flammability of tropical rainforest species. Forest Ecology and Management, 522, 120485.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Potts2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 652.5","score":{"value":652.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15230; Combustibility measurement; plant part branches; fuel all; predrying yes; device grill; site Potts2022-1; sampling ND. Primary study Potts2022: Potts, E., Tng, D., Apgaua, D., Curran, T. J., Engert, J., & Laurance, S. G. (2022). Growth form and functional traits influence the shoot flammability of tropical rainforest species. Forest Ecology and Management, 522, 120485.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Potts2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nswrfs-pbp-2019","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Under adverse fire weather conditions these plants can contribute to the intensity of bush fires.","claims":"Appendix A1.9 identifies Lantana camara within its main exotic vegetation groups, reports intense surface-fire behaviour for these groups, and assigns them regulatory vegetation fuel-class conversions.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Appendix A1.9 — Exotic vegetation","scheme":"nswrfs-pbp-a1.9"},"edition":"2019","url":"https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/174272/Planning-for-Bush-Fire-Protection-2019.pdf","documentDate":"2019-11-07T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AL","AZ","CA","FL","GA","HI","LA","MS","NC","OK","PR","SC","TX","UT","VI"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["HI"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 6 — PACIFIC","TDWG level 2 63 — North-Central Pacific","TDWG level 3 HAW — Hawaii"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["PR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 8 — SOUTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 81 — Caribbean","TDWG level 3 PUE — Puerto Rico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL","AZ","CA","FL","GA","HI","LA","MS","NC","OK","PR","SC","TX","UT","VI"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["HI"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-HI-Plantae8790","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Lantana camara","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cjj), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LACA2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"},{"status":"widespread-invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8791","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2022-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Lantana camara","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"E","label":"widespread invasive (category E)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021cjj), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LACA2"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["PR"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"HI","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"},{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}