{"id":"juniperus","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Juniperus spp.","commonNames":["Juniper","Ornamental juniper"],"taxonRank":"genus","acceptedName":"Juniperus","family":"Cupressaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"JUNIP","gbifKey":2684359,"itisTsn":18047,"wikidataQid":"Q25662","inatTaxonId":47574},"states":["ID","OR","WA"],"plantForm":"shrub","traits":["resinous","dead-material-trap","fine-fuels"],"photo":{"file":"/images/plants/juniperus.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/107418611","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66610196","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Michael J. Papay, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"pnw-590","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"listed highly flammable","edition":"2023","url":"https://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pub/pnw-590-fire-resistant-plants-home-landscapes","documentDate":"2023-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"grants-pass","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"listed highly flammable","url":"https://www.grantspassoregon.gov/289/Fire-Resistant-vs-Highly-Flammable-Plant","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ashland-prohibited","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"prohibited flammable plant","claims":"The City of Ashland restricts new planting or propagation within 30 ft of any structure, including structures on adjacent lots (AMC 9.04).","sourcePlacement":{"value":"new planting or propagation restricted within 30 ft of any structure","scheme":"ashland-amc"},"edition":"2025","url":"https://ashlandoregon.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3796/PLANT_LIST_PROHIBITED_BW_2025","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"firesafe-marin","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"listed as fire-prone","claims":"Fire Safe Marin lists this taxon among common fire-prone plants in Marin County.","edition":"2019","url":"https://firesafemarin.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FIRESafe-MARIN_plant-list_2019.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"okstate-grow-firewise-plantings-2022","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"contain oils and resins that are highly flammable","claims":"The source says not to plant these taxa near a home or other structure.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"do not plant near a home or other structure","scheme":"okstate-near-structures"},"edition":"Grow column 2022-08-28","url":"https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/gardening/grow-gardening-columns/grow-columns-2022/august-28-2022-firewise-planting","documentDate":"2022-08-28T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ufifas-circ-1445","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"usually highly flammable","claims":"The source identifies small needle-like leaves, resins, and retained dead branches as characteristics that increase flammability.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"avoid in defensible space around homes in high wildfire-risk areas","scheme":"ufifas-fr147-defensible-space"},"edition":"2023","url":"https://ask.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FR147","documentDate":"2023-10-31T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ufifas-for71-fire-in-mind","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Remove flammable plants","claims":"The source says to remove red cedar within 30 feet of the home because the plants contain resins, oils, and waxes that burn readily. This record preserves only the exact genus-level identity supported by that label.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"within 30 feet of the home","scheme":"ufifas-for71-defensible-space"},"edition":"FOR 71 / EDIS FR076","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051230192215/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FR/FR07600.pdf","documentDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"utah-ffsl-firewise-landscaping","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Do not plant these species in your firewise landscape, especially in Zone 2, or use them sparingly.","claims":"The source identifies juniper among common tree pyrophytes in Utah landscapes.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"PLANTS TO AVOID (PDF page 15)","scheme":"ffsl-2007-section"},"edition":"August 2007","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230319012342/https://ffsl.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/FirewiseLandscaping07.pdf","documentDate":"2007-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"yavapai-34","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Fire-Prone Plants","claims":"Listed as Juniper — Juniperus sp.. The bulletin says fire-resistant plants tend to resist ignition when irrigated and maintained, while fire-prone plants may ignite readily and burn intensely.","plantPart":"whole-plant","edition":"v1.2","url":"https://www.extension.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/FirewisePlants3-14-2025.pdf","documentDate":"2025-03-14T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"scfc-fire-smart-plant-list","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"HIGHLY Flammable Plants (Plants that will ignite faster and burn readily)","claims":"Listed as Junipers; Eastern red cedar. The source says highly flammable plants ignite faster and burn readily; less flammable plants have some fire resistance.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"SHRUBS; TREES","scheme":"SCFC Fire Smart plant-form sections"},"edition":"2005 brochure","url":"https://www.scfc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ignition-resistant-landscaping-plant-list.pdf","documentDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"ak-dof-fire-resistant-vegetation-2005","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Characteristics of plants that ignite and burn readily","claims":"Named as a resinous plant example: juniper — Juniperus.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Characteristics of plants that ignite and burn readily","scheme":"Alaska DNR brochure sections"},"edition":"April 2005","url":"https://forestry.alaska.gov/Assets/pdfs/community/publications/05FireResistVeg.pdf","documentDate":"2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"sun-city-tx-firewise-plant-guide-2015","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"very high","claims":"The table rates Juniper (Cedar), all columnar evergreens — various species very high for flammability hazard, defined as the ease a plant can burn at high temperatures for a prolonged time.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Avoid if Possible","scheme":"Sun City plant-table sections"},"edition":"updated January 14, 2015","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250114065810/https://www.sariverauthority.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/FIREWISE-PLANT-LIST-Sun-City.pdf","documentDate":"2015-01-14T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nfs-living-with-fire-nebraska","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Avoid juniper, mugo pine and arborvitae.","claims":"The Lean, Clean and Green Area tips explicitly say to avoid juniper.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Lean, Clean and Green Area Tips (PDF page 11)","scheme":"Nebraska defensible-space zones"},"edition":"Eastern Nebraska edition","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240626052536/https://nfs.unl.edu/documents/fireprotection/Living%20with%20Fire%20Eastern%20NE%208x11%20low.pdf","documentDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"sdsu-protecting-home-landscape","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"Common flammable trees include junipers, pines, firs and spruces.","claims":"The page names junipers among common flammable trees and discourages conifers in the immediate and intermediate zones.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Intermediate Zone","scheme":"Home Ignition Zone"},"edition":"updated April 8, 2026","url":"https://extension.sdstate.edu/protecting-your-home-and-landscape-against-wildfires","documentDate":"2026-04-08T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"al-afc-firewise-woodland-homes-2001","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Suggested shrubs: Juniper — Juniperus sp.","claims":"The booklet explicitly places this row in one or more suggested-plant sections.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Suggested shrubs","scheme":"al-afc-booklet-section"},"edition":"2002 archived booklet","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020913055904/http://www.forestry.state.al.us/publication/FIREWISE_LANDSCAPING_FOR_WOODLAND_HOMES.pdf","documentDate":"2002-02-25T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"greece-property-fire-regulation-2023","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Juniperus sp.","claims":"The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"section 5.4.2, Table 2δi","scheme":"greece-2023-particularly-flammable"},"edition":"FEK B 3475/2023","url":"https://www.elinyae.gr/ethniki-nomothesia/ya-oik-ypendaoka5590420192023-fek-3475b-2452023","documentDate":"2023-05-24T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["ID","OR","WA"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID","OR","WA"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"ak-dof-fire-resistant-vegetation-2005","sourceName":"Protect Your Home from Wildfire — Fire Resistant Vegetation and Landscaping","sourceUrl":"https://forestry.alaska.gov/Assets/pdfs/community/publications/05FireResistVeg.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AK"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Alaska Division of Forestry opens with the wildfire threat to Alaskans and publishes Alaska firewise-landscape examples. FireApproved publishes 58 exact source owners from its 60 taxon entries and holds the taxon-free fern label. State publication scope does not establish suitability for every Alaska climate, site, or home-ignition-zone placement.","sourceVersion":"Alaska-DOF-Fire-Resistant-Vegetation-2005-04-27","asOf":"2005-04-27T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"al-afc-firewise-woodland-homes-2001","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes","sourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020913055904/http://www.forestry.state.al.us/publication/FIREWISE_LANDSCAPING_FOR_WOODLAND_HOMES.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AL"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The Alabama Forestry Commission's five-page AFC-FP-04 booklet is an Alabama publication and contains 31 printed suggested or fire-prone plant occurrences. FireApproved publishes 27 exact species or genus owners and holds one infraspecific form plus two named cultivars; this historical source scope does not establish current site suitability for a particular Alabama property.","sourceVersion":"AFC-FP-04-1999"},{"source":"ashland-prohibited","sourceName":"Prohibited Flammable Plants (Ashland Municipal Code 9.04)","sourceUrl":"https://ashlandoregon.gov/323/Prohibited-Flammable-Plants","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["City of Ashland"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"This is a City of Ashland adoption fact, not statewide Oregon guidance or an experimental flammability result. FireApproved publishes 24 taxonomy-safe owners as city-level regulatory context. It applies to new planting and propagation within 30 feet of structures, including structures on adjacent lots; it is not projected as a blanket removal order for every established listed plant.","sourceVersion":"Ashland-Prohibited-Flammable-Plants-2025","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"firesafe-marin","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant Plants Common to Marin County","sourceUrl":"https://firesafemarin.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FIRESafe-MARIN_plant-list_2019.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["Marin County"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The publication is explicitly limited to plants common to Marin County. FireApproved publishes 104 exact owners as Marin regional context while retaining its placement, spacing, irrigation, and maintenance boundary. It is not statewide California guidance or parcel suitability.","sourceVersion":"Fire-Safe-Marin-plant-list-2019","asOf":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nfs-living-with-fire-nebraska","sourceName":"Living With Fire — A Homeowner's Guide, Eastern Nebraska Edition","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240626052536/https://nfs.unl.edu/documents/fireprotection/Living%20with%20Fire%20Eastern%20NE%208x11%20low.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["NE"],"regions":["Eastern Nebraska"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Nebraska Forest Service labels this the Eastern Nebraska Edition. FireApproved publishes the two exact taxon-resolvable owners from its direct avoid sentence as eastern Nebraska context. Arborvitae and other ambiguous common names remain held; Western Nebraska is not inferred.","sourceVersion":"Nebraska-Forest-Service-Living-With-Fire-East-2011","asOf":"2011-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"okstate-grow-firewise-plantings-2022","sourceName":"Firewise Plantings Can Help Protect Property","sourceUrl":"https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/gardening/grow-gardening-columns/grow-columns-2022/august-28-2022-firewise-planting","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OK"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Oklahoma State University Extension frames the article around statewide Oklahoma heat, drought, wildfire, and plant selection and publishes five unambiguous genus owners. Ambiguous common names remain excluded, and the prose examples do not establish suitability for every Oklahoma site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Grow-Firewise-2022-08-28","asOf":"2022-08-28T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"pnw-590","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant Plants for Home Landscapes (PNW 590)","sourceUrl":"https://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pub/pnw-590-fire-resistant-plants-home-landscapes","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID","OR","WA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The October 2023 joint Pacific Northwest Extension publication explicitly names Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and publishes more than 150 plant profiles. FireApproved has normalized 155 exact plant records from the source; publication scope does not assert that every listed plant suits every site within the three states.","sourceVersion":"PNW-590-October-2023","asOf":"2023-10-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"scfc-fire-smart-plant-list","sourceName":"Landscaping Can Be Attractive & FIREWISE (Fire Smart Plant List for SC)","sourceUrl":"https://www.scfc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ignition-resistant-landscaping-plant-list.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["SC"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"South Carolina Forestry Commission publishes this explicitly as its Fire Smart Plant List for South Carolina. FireApproved publishes 63 exact genus owners from 72 unique common-name labels; unsafe common-name mappings and duplicates are not broadened. The brochure calls the list non-inclusive and does not establish species-level or site-specific suitability.","sourceVersion":"SCFC-Fire-Smart-Plant-List-2005"},{"source":"sdsu-protecting-home-landscape","sourceName":"Protecting Your Home and Landscape Against Wildfires","sourceUrl":"https://extension.sdstate.edu/protecting-your-home-and-landscape-against-wildfires","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["SD"],"regions":["Western South Dakota","Black Hills"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The current SDSU Extension page explicitly addresses western South Dakota, particularly the Black Hills. FireApproved publishes its four exact genus owners. This is current bounded regional context, not statewide South Dakota coverage or a finding that every member of a genus behaves alike.","sourceVersion":"SDSU-Extension-web-2026-04-08","asOf":"2026-04-08T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"sun-city-tx-firewise-plant-guide-2015","sourceName":"Firewise Plant Guide","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250114065810/https://www.sariverauthority.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/FIREWISE-PLANT-LIST-Sun-City.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["TX"],"regions":["Sun City Texas, Georgetown"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The guide is authored for the Sun City Texas community in Georgetown. FireApproved publishes 142 exact owners only as community-level context. It is an archived HOA exhibit with unknown rating lineage, not a current statewide Texas source or an independent Tier 1 determination.","sourceVersion":"Sun-City-Texas-Firewise-guide-2015-01-14","asOf":"2015-01-14T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"yavapai-34","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant and Fire-Prone Plants Common to Yavapai County (Bulletin 34)","sourceUrl":"https://www.extension.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/FirewisePlants3-14-2025.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["Yavapai County"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"University of Arizona Cooperative Extension authors Bulletin 34 for Yavapai County. FireApproved publishes 198 exact source owners from its resistant and prone tables and keeps the county boundary visible. County publication scope is regional Arizona context, never statewide scope.","sourceVersion":"UA-Yavapai-Bulletin-34-v1.2-2025-03-14","asOf":"2025-03-14T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}