{"id":"fraxinus-excelsior","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Fraxinus excelsior","commonNames":["Fresno de hoja ancha","Freixe de fulla gran"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Fraxinus excelsior","family":"Oleaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"FREX80","gbifKey":3172358},"states":["CT","KY","MA","NY","OH"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CNT — Connecticut"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAS — Massachusetts"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8169","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Fraxinus excelsior","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021boz), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=FREX80"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"plantForm":"tree","evidence":[{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"MUY RECOMENDADA","claims":"Fraxinus excelsior is rated “MUY RECOMENDADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 134","score":{"value":134,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3173; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 152","score":{"value":152,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3175; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 75","score":{"value":75,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3177; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 88","score":{"value":88,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3179; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 37","score":{"value":37,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3181; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 41","score":{"value":41,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3183; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to maximum heat release rate (s): 7","score":{"value":7,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to maximum heat release rate (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3185; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to maximum heat release rate (s): 7","score":{"value":7,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to maximum heat release rate (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3187; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to maximum heat release rate (s): 5","score":{"value":5,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to maximum heat release rate (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3189; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to maximum heat release rate (s): 7","score":{"value":7,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to maximum heat release rate (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3191; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to maximum heat release rate (s): 7","score":{"value":7,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to maximum heat release rate (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3193; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to maximum heat release rate (s): 9","score":{"value":9,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to maximum heat release rate (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3195; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 160","score":{"value":160,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3197; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 190","score":{"value":190,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3199; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 130","score":{"value":130,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3201; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 140","score":{"value":140,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3203; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 100","score":{"value":100,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3205; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 110","score":{"value":110,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3207; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Dupuy2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Dupuy2003: Dupuy, J.-L., Marechal, J., & Morvan, D. (2003). Fires from a cylindrical forest fuel burner: combustion dynamics and flame properties. Combustion and Flame, 135, 65-76.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dupuy2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CT","KY","MA","NY","OH"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CNT — Connecticut"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["KY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 KTY — Kentucky"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MAS — Massachusetts"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MD"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 78 — Southeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MRY — Maryland"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CT","KY","MA","NY","OH"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8169","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Fraxinus excelsior","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021boz), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=FREX80"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}