{"id":"fagus-sylvatica","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Fagus sylvatica","commonNames":["European beech"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Fagus sylvatica","family":"Fagaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"FASY","gbifKey":2882316,"itisTsn":502590,"wikidataQid":"Q146149","inatTaxonId":54227},"usdaZoneMin":"4a","usdaZoneMax":"7b","zoneSource":"pnw590","states":["ID","MA","MD","ME","NY","OH","OR","RI","UT","WA"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8095","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Fagus sylvatica","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021bmp), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=FASY"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"fagus-sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Fagus sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"pnw-590","sourceRecordId":"trees:European beech","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"European beech profile, USDA hardiness zones field","sourceVersion":"2023-10","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/fagus-sylvatica.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/408459425","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230066466","license":"cc0","attribution":"no rights reserved","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"pnw-590","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"listed fire-resistant","edition":"2023","url":"https://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pub/pnw-590-fire-resistant-plants-home-landscapes","documentDate":"2023-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"wa-dnr-eastern-wa","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"listed fire-resistant","url":"https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/rp_fire_resistant_plants_guide_easternwa.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Firewise (1)","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"M flammability","claims":"Moderate construction tolerance; climax forest tree.","edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"M flammability","claims":"Does not tolerate heat well.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"fenz-low-flammability","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderate/high flammability","claims":"Moderate/high flammability classification.","plantPart":"shoot","edition":"2026","url":"https://www.checkitsalright.nz/reduce-your-risk/low-flammability-plants","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"firesmart-bc","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"FireSmart-approved fire-resistant plant","claims":"Flagged by FireSmart BC as needing more research.","original":"pnw-590","url":"https://firesmartbc.ca/landscaping-hub/fire-resistant-plants/","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"msu-e2948","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"considered wildfire-resistant and are recommended for Michigan’s climate","claims":"Table 1 row: Fagus sylvatica (European beech).","edition":"New, January 2007","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714035839/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/mi_wildfire_resistant.pdf","documentDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"girona-pirojardineria-2020","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"MUY RECOMENDADA","claims":"Fagus sylvatica is rated “MUY RECOMENDADA” by the guide's qualitative IUF garden-suitability method. The method assumes species-specific care and integrates fire evidence with fuel structure, maintenance, origin, invasiveness, and expert fire-service experience.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"suitable inside or outside the 25-metre maximum-risk zone","scheme":"girona-2020-iuf-25m-suitability"},"edition":"2020 Spanish edition","url":"https://interior.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/030_arees_dactuacio/bombers/foc_forestal/publicacions_tecniques_i_normativa/guies_tecniques/prevencio_i_extincio/2020_Guia_de_pirojardineria_es.pdf","documentDate":"2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-plant-profile-galleries","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Choose the right trees for your fire-resistant landscape","claims":"The European beech profile prints Fagus sylvatica. The gallery points to PNW 590 for complete details.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"European beech — Fagus sylvatica","scheme":"osu-2023-trees-gallery"},"edition":"November 2023 educational gallery","url":"https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gallery/fire-resistant-plant-profiles-trees","documentDate":"2023-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4872.46","score":{"value":4872.46,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3922; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Gillon1997-1; sampling june to september. Primary study Gillon1997: Gillon, D., Hernando, C., Valette, J.-C., & Joffre, R. (1997). Fast estimation of the calorific values of forest fuels by near infrared-reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 760-765.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Gillon1997","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 23","score":{"value":23,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10662; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 55","score":{"value":55,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10663; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 7","score":{"value":7,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10664; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"total heat release (MJ/m²): 13","score":{"value":13,"scale":"FLAMITS — total heat release (MJ/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10665; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.08","score":{"value":0.08,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10666; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smoke release rate (m²/s): 0.08","score":{"value":0.08,"scale":"FLAMITS — smoke release rate (m²/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10667; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.08","score":{"value":0.08,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10668; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.11","score":{"value":0.11,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 10669; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Polka2018-1; sampling ND. Primary study Polka2018: Pólka, M. (2018). Analysis of the heat and smoke release rate of selected undergrowth types. E3S Web of Conferences. Semarang, Indonesia.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Polka2018","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1490","score":{"value":1490,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19237; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 159","score":{"value":159,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19238; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 79","score":{"value":79,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19239; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 49","score":{"value":49,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19240; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 8.57","score":{"value":8.57,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19253; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 7.66","score":{"value":7.66,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19254; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 8.67","score":{"value":8.67,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19255; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate per area (g/m² s): 9.34","score":{"value":9.34,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate per area (g/m² s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19256; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Ji2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Ji2003: Ji, J., Yang, L. -H., Chen, X., & Fan, W. (2003). Study on the effects of heat flux levels on heat release rate of wood. Journal Fire Science, 21, 55–65.","original":"Ji2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 396.25","score":{"value":396.25,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19535; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 395.43","score":{"value":395.43,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19536; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 367","score":{"value":367,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19544; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 370.64","score":{"value":370.64,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19545; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2131.93352","score":{"value":2131.93352,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19553; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2863.29188","score":{"value":2863.29188,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19554; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2750.95906","score":{"value":2750.95906,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19562; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 3130.9786","score":{"value":3130.9786,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19563; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Renner2023-1; sampling ND. Primary study Renner2023: Renner, J. S., Mensah, R. A., Jiang, L., & Xu, Q. (2023). A critical assessment of the fire properties of different wood species and bark from small-and bench-scale fire experiments. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 1423-1434.","original":"Renner2023","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Demoted from on-list 2026-08-23 (Phase 1 lineage audit): evidence rows do not span two verified lineage trees. Evidence retained; returns to the list when a second verified-independent Tier 1 lineage lands. Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["ID","MA","MD","ME","NY","OH","OR","RI","UT","WA"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWY — New York"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID","MA","MD","ME","NY","OH","OR","RI","UT","WA"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"4a","usdaZoneMax":"7b","hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"fagus-sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Fagus sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"pnw-590","sourceRecordId":"trees:European beech","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"European beech profile, USDA hardiness zones field","sourceVersion":"2023-10","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Fagus sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"5","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"fagus-sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"tree:Fagus sylvatica","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, tree row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"4","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"pnw-590","sourceRecordId":"trees:European beech","sourceTaxon":"Fagus sylvatica","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"European beech profile, USDA hardiness zones field","sourceVersion":"2023-10","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae8095","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Fagus sylvatica","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021bmp), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=FASY"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"msu-e2948","sourceName":"Wildfire-resistant Landscape Plants for Michigan (Extension Bulletin E2948)","sourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714035839/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/mi_wildfire_resistant.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MI"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E2948 is explicitly a list of wildfire-resistant landscape plants for Michigan and includes a Michigan-native field. FireApproved publishes 221 exact GBIF owners from 226 represented source rows and holds 15 complex or non-exact rows. This dated publication scope is not a current site-suitability determination.","sourceVersion":"MSU-Extension-E2948-2007","asOf":"2007-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"pnw-590","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant Plants for Home Landscapes (PNW 590)","sourceUrl":"https://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pub/pnw-590-fire-resistant-plants-home-landscapes","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID","OR","WA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The October 2023 joint Pacific Northwest Extension publication explicitly names Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and publishes more than 150 plant profiles. FireApproved has normalized 155 exact plant records from the source; publication scope does not assert that every listed plant suits every site within the three states.","sourceVersion":"PNW-590-October-2023","asOf":"2023-10-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"wa-dnr-eastern-wa","sourceName":"Fire-Resistant Plants for Eastern Washington","sourceUrl":"https://dnr.wa.gov/publications/rp_fire_resistant_plants_guide_easternwa.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["WA"],"regions":["Eastern Washington"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Washington DNR publishes the guide for Eastern Washington and says it compiles plants from other Firewise documents that are likely to thrive there. FireApproved publishes 46 exact owners only as eastern Washington context. The rows are corroborative, not empirical or statewide.","sourceVersion":"WA-DNR-Eastern-Washington-live-2026-08-26"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"4","usdaZoneMax":"7"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}