{"id":"epilobium-angustifolium","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Epilobium angustifolium","commonNames":["Fireweed"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Chamaenerion angustifolium","family":"Onagraceae","synonyms":["Epilobium angustifolium"],"ids":{"usdaSymbol":"CHAN9","gbifKey":6428353,"itisTsn":510710,"wikidataQid":"Q160104","inatTaxonId":564969},"usdaZoneMin":"2a","usdaZoneMax":"9b","zoneSource":"osu-em-9103","states":["AK","AZ","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","IA","ID","IL","IN","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OR","PA","RI","SD","TN","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"2","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"dovetail-ne-minnesota","sourceRecordId":"table-2-row-14","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 2 row 14, Hardiness Zones column","sourceVersion":"2017","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"perennial:Epilobium angustifolium","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, perennial row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"2","maximum":"9","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"osu-em-9103","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Fireweed profile (PDF page 52)","sourceVersion":"EM 9103, February 2015","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"perennial","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/epilobium-angustifolium.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/178150979","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106089263","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) fontoto, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"idaho-firewise-master-db","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"fire-resistance score 7 of 10","score":{"value":7,"scale":"idaho-0-10"},"sourcePlacement":{"value":"plantable at 40' from home","scheme":"idaho-distance"},"url":"https://idahofirewise.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"dovetail-ne-minnesota","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Low flammability (UF Circ 1453 key)","sourcePlacement":{"value":"plantable 3-30 ft from a building","scheme":"dovetail-distance"},"edition":"2017","url":"https://dovetailinc.org/land_use_pdfs/mnfirewiselandscapefulllength.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"firesmart-bc","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"FireSmart-approved fire-resistant plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"suitable for HIZ extended zone (30-100 m)","scheme":"firesmart-hiz"},"url":"https://firesmartbc.ca/landscaping-hub/fire-resistant-plants/","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"unr-compilation-good-plant-choices","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"listed by at least two cited sources","claims":"Compilation marks: CSU 6.305, OSU FRN 6.","edition":"SP-05-16 (2005)","url":"https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=4762","documentDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"msu-e2948","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"considered wildfire-resistant and are recommended for Michigan’s climate","claims":"Table 1 row: Epilobium angustifolium (Fireweed).","edition":"New, January 2007","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714035839/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/mi_wildfire_resistant.pdf","documentDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-em-9103","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"fire-resistant plants that thrive in Willamette Valley growing conditions","claims":"The perennials profile lists Epilobium angustifolium as Fireweed. The profile prints USDA Hardiness Zone: 2–9.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Fireweed profile (PDF page 52)","scheme":"osu-em-9103-profile"},"edition":"EM 9103, February 2015","url":"https://www.canbyfire.org/files/074d2a9e3/Fire-Resistant-Plants_Willamette-Valley.pdf","documentDate":"2015-02-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4420","score":{"value":4420,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12992; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Sylvester1981-1; sampling july to august. Primary study Sylvester1981: Sylvester, T. W., & Wein, R. W. (1981). Fuel characteristics of arctic plant-species and simulated plant community flammability by Rothermels model. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 59, 898-907.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Sylvester1981","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4360","score":{"value":4360,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12993; Combustibility measurement; plant part stems; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Sylvester1981-1; sampling july to august. Primary study Sylvester1981: Sylvester, T. W., & Wein, R. W. (1981). Fuel characteristics of arctic plant-species and simulated plant community flammability by Rothermels model. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 59, 898-907.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Sylvester1981","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4450","score":{"value":4450,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12994; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Sylvester1981-1; sampling july to august. Primary study Sylvester1981: Sylvester, T. W., & Wein, R. W. (1981). Fuel characteristics of arctic plant-species and simulated plant community flammability by Rothermels model. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 59, 898-907.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Sylvester1981","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"fremont-county-wy-firewise-list","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Fremont County Firewise Plant List — Epilobium angustifolium — Fireweed","claims":"Listed in the source's Ground Covers section; the page describes its listed Firewise plants as generally low-growing, low-debris, and relatively moist.","plantPart":"whole-plant","edition":"web page (server last-modified 2011-02-25)","url":"http://www.fremontcountyfirewise.com/WyomingFirewisePlantList.htm","documentDate":"2011-02-25T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nm-emnrd-firewise-plant-list","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"FireWise Plant List for New Mexico","claims":"Listed as Epilobium angustifolium (Fireweed) in Flowers and Ground Covers. Printed elevation cells: 4,000 ft=N, 5,000 ft=?, 6,000 ft=Y, 7,000 ft=Y, 8,000 ft=Y, 9,000+ ft=Y. Water need: H; sun/shade: S/PS; mature height: 3’; approximate bloom: Jul-Aug.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"PDF page 5, Flowers and Ground Covers, p5-r17","scheme":"nm-emnrd-firewise-table-row"},"edition":"2003 Forestry Division PDF","url":"https://www.emnrd.nm.gov/sfd/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/Wui_plantlist.pdf","documentDate":"2003-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AK","AZ","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","IA","ID","IL","IN","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OR","PA","RI","SD","TN","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AK","AZ","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","IA","ID","IL","IN","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OR","PA","RI","SD","TN","UT","VA","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"2a","usdaZoneMax":"9b","hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"2","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"dovetail-ne-minnesota","sourceRecordId":"table-2-row-14","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 2 row 14, Hardiness Zones column","sourceVersion":"2017","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"perennial:Epilobium angustifolium","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, perennial row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"2","maximum":"9","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"osu-em-9103","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Fireweed profile (PDF page 52)","sourceVersion":"EM 9103, February 2015","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"overlapping","assertions":[{"minimum":"2","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"dovetail-ne-minnesota","sourceRecordId":"table-2-row-14","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 2 row 14, Hardiness Zones column","sourceVersion":"2017","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3","maximum":"7","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"msu-e2948","sourceRecordId":"perennial:Epilobium angustifolium","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Table 1, perennial row","sourceVersion":"New, January 2007","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"2","maximum":"9","interpretation":"explicit-range","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"applicable","source":"osu-em-9103","sourceTaxon":"Epilobium angustifolium","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Fireweed profile (PDF page 52)","sourceVersion":"EM 9103, February 2015","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"dovetail-ne-minnesota","sourceName":"Landscaping for Wildfire Defensible Space in Northeastern Minnesota (Firewise)","sourceUrl":"https://dovetailinc.org/land_use_pdfs/mnfirewiselandscapefulllength.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["MN"],"regions":["Northeastern Minnesota"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Dovetail applies the UF/IFAS flammability key to northeastern Minnesota natives and publishes placement for 38 exact source owners. FireApproved exposes those rows only as northeastern Minnesota regional context and preserves the 3-to-30-foot versus beyond-30-foot source placement.","sourceVersion":"Dovetail-Northeastern-Minnesota-Firewise-2017","asOf":"2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"fremont-county-wy-firewise-list","sourceName":"Fremont County Firewise Plant List","sourceUrl":"http://www.fremontcountyfirewise.com/WyomingFirewisePlantList.htm","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["WY"],"regions":["Fremont County"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The source identifies itself as the Fremont County Firewise Plant List. FireApproved publishes its 92 exact source owners as Fremont County regional context. No methodology, current county endorsement, statewide Wyoming scope, or site-specific suitability is inferred.","sourceVersion":"Fremont-County-Firewise-Plant-List-2011-02-25","asOf":"2011-02-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"idaho-firewise-master-db","sourceName":"Fire Resistance of Plants Master Database","sourceUrl":"https://idahofirewise.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["Southern Idaho"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"The official database labels itself \"For Southern Idaho\" and describes Idaho residents at the urban-rangeland interface. FireApproved publishes 419 existing plant owners that cite its scored rows. This bounded Southern Idaho scope is regional context, not statewide coverage or a conclusion that the score transfers unchanged to every Idaho site.","sourceVersion":"Idaho-Firewise-Southern-Idaho-Master-2013-11-08","asOf":"2013-11-08T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"msu-e2948","sourceName":"Wildfire-resistant Landscape Plants for Michigan (Extension Bulletin E2948)","sourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714035839/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/mi_wildfire_resistant.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MI"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E2948 is explicitly a list of wildfire-resistant landscape plants for Michigan and includes a Michigan-native field. FireApproved publishes 221 exact GBIF owners from 226 represented source rows and holds 15 complex or non-exact rows. This dated publication scope is not a current site-suitability determination.","sourceVersion":"MSU-Extension-E2948-2007","asOf":"2007-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nm-emnrd-firewise-plant-list","sourceName":"FireWise Plant List for New Mexico","sourceUrl":"https://www.emnrd.nm.gov/sfd/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/Wui_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"New Mexico Forestry Division publishes this as its FireWise Plant List for New Mexico. FireApproved accounts for all 140 printed rows and publishes 95 exact same-rank owners already represented in the directory; 29 exact taxa without an existing record, 14 unresolved spellings or higher-rank matches, one compound taxon cell, and one species row whose only apparent owner has an infraspecific printed identity remain held. Every published row retains the source's Y, N, ?, or blank elevation cells. Publication scope does not erase those elevation limits or establish suitability for every New Mexico site.","sourceVersion":"NM-EMNRD-Forestry-WUI-Plant-List-2003-10-08","asOf":"2003-10-08T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-em-9103","sourceName":"Fire-resistant Landscape Plants for the Willamette Valley (EM 9103)","sourceUrl":"https://www.canbyfire.org/files/074d2a9e3/Fire-Resistant-Plants_Willamette-Valley.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["Willamette Valley"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"OSU Extension says EM 9103 highlights fire-resistant plants that thrive under Willamette Valley growing conditions. FireApproved publishes 172 exact owners only as valley context. The guide shares the PNW 590 lineage and is not a second independent vote or statewide site clearance.","sourceVersion":"OSU-EM-9103-2015-02","asOf":"2015-02-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"unr-compilation-good-plant-choices","sourceName":"A Compilation of Good Plant Choices for Nevada's High Fire Hazard Areas (SP-05-16)","sourceUrl":"https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=4762","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"University of Nevada Cooperative Extension compiled plants suited to Nevada climate zones and reported favorably by at least two upstream firewise lists. FireApproved publishes 126 exact source owners at Nevada publication scope. The source explicitly makes no independent flammability determination, so these rows remain corroborative.","sourceVersion":"UNR-Extension-SP-05-16-2005","asOf":"2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}