{"id":"cunninghamia-lanceolata","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","commonNames":["Japanese cunninghamia"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","family":"Cupressaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"CULA","gbifKey":5284278,"itisTsn":501840,"wikidataQid":"Q149115","inatTaxonId":127861},"usdaZoneMin":"6a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["DC","DE","LA","MD","NC","NJ","OH","PA","WV"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae7460","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021asa), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CULA"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"6","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"cunninghamia-lanceolata","sourceTaxon":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":50,"sun":"full","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/cunninghamia-lanceolata.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/473852293","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263741590","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Sagnik Dutta Roy, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"NOT Firewise (4)","claims":"Strange flat green to blue needles born in a single plane. Very pointed needles that are held on to tree after they have died. Suckers readily forming impenetrable clumps.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ3","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 10.01","score":{"value":10.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 603; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 41.65","score":{"value":41.65,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 618; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 4.46","score":{"value":4.46,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 633; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2736.85","score":{"value":2736.85,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 648; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 418","score":{"value":418,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1303; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 618","score":{"value":618,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1305; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 644","score":{"value":644,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1307; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 142","score":{"value":142,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1309; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 133","score":{"value":133,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1311; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 132","score":{"value":132,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1313; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.12","score":{"value":0.12,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1315; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.53","score":{"value":0.53,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1317; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.59","score":{"value":0.59,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1319; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Cornwell2015-1; sampling january to march. Primary study Cornwell2015: Cornwell, W. K., Elvira, A., van Kempen, L., van Logtestijn, R. S., Aptroot, A., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2015). Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size. New Phytologist, 206, 672-681.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Cornwell2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 593.496","score":{"value":593.496,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15556; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhang2022-1; sampling january and march 2011. Primary study Zhang2022: Zhang, S., Cornwell, W. K., Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., Krab, E. J., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2022). Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species. Journal of Ecology, 111, 761-772.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhang2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 15597; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device burning bench; site Zhang2022-1; sampling january and march 2011. Primary study Zhang2022: Zhang, S., Cornwell, W. K., Zhao, W., van Logtestijn, R. S., Krab, E. J., Aerts, R., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2022). Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species. Journal of Ecology, 111, 761-772.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Zhang2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20","score":{"value":20,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18701; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tian2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tian2003: Tian, X., Shu, L., & Zhang, X. (2003). Study on the influence of microstructure of tree’s twig and leaf on combustibility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39, 84–88.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tian2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 25","score":{"value":25,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18711; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Tian2003-1; sampling ND. Primary study Tian2003: Tian, X., Shu, L., & Zhang, X. (2003). Study on the influence of microstructure of tree’s twig and leaf on combustibility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39, 84–88.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Tian2003","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["DC","DE","LA","MD","NC","NJ","OH","PA","WV"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["DC","DE","LA","MD","NC","NJ","OH","PA","WV"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"6a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"6","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"cunninghamia-lanceolata","sourceTaxon":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"unresolved-applicability","assertions":[{"minimum":"6","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"cunninghamia-lanceolata","sourceTaxon":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae7460","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Cunninghamia lanceolata","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021asa), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CULA"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}