{"id":"chusquea-culeou","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Chusquea culeou","commonNames":["Chusquea culeou"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Chusquea culeou","family":"Poaceae","ids":{"gbifKey":4134946},"regions":["Argentina","Chile"],"plantForm":"grass","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 11.2","score":{"value":11.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 663; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2015-1; sampling november to april. Primary study Bianchi2015: Bianchi, L. O., & Defossé, G. E. (2015). Live fuel moisture content and leaf ignition of forest species in Andean Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24, 340-348.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 68.39","score":{"value":68.39,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 669; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2015-1; sampling november to april. Primary study Bianchi2015: Bianchi, L. O., & Defossé, G. E. (2015). Live fuel moisture content and leaf ignition of forest species in Andean Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24, 340-348.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 18.6","score":{"value":18.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 675; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2015-1; sampling november to april. Primary study Bianchi2015: Bianchi, L. O., & Defossé, G. E. (2015). Live fuel moisture content and leaf ignition of forest species in Andean Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24, 340-348.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 11.4","score":{"value":11.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 698; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 19.2","score":{"value":19.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 716; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flammability value: 2.8","score":{"value":2.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — flammability value"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 734; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 68.6","score":{"value":68.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 752; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Bianchi2019-1; sampling summer. Primary study Bianchi2019: Bianchi, L. O., Oddi, F .J., Muñoz, M., & Defossé, G. E. (2019). Comparison of leaf moisture content and ignition characteristics among native species and exotic conifers in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Science, 65, 375-386.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Bianchi2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 24.7","score":{"value":24.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 807; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum sample temperature (°C): 305","score":{"value":305,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum sample temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 838; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 31.4","score":{"value":31.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 869; Sustainability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"ignition frequency (%): 50","score":{"value":50,"scale":"FLAMITS — ignition frequency (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 900; Ignitability measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2304","score":{"value":2304,"scale":"FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 931; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Blackhall2019-1; sampling february. Primary study Blackhall2019: Blackhall, M., & Raffaele, E. (2019). Flammability of Patagonian invaders and natives: When exotic plant species affect live fine fuel ignitability in wildland-urban interfaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 1-10.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Blackhall2019","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 7250.9","score":{"value":7250.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 1300; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Cobar2014-1; sampling autumn. Primary study Cobar2014: Cóbar-Carranza, A. J., García, R. A., Pauchard, A., & Pena, E. (2014). Effect of Pinus contorta invasion on forest fuel properties and its potential implications on the fire regime of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus antarctica forests. Biological Invasions, 16, 2273-2291.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Cobar2014","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 21","score":{"value":21,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4018; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 36","score":{"value":36,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4027; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 346.3","score":{"value":346.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4034; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"heat released per mass (°C s/g): 2631","score":{"value":2631,"scale":"FLAMITS — heat released per mass (°C s/g)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4042; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device epiradiator; site Gowda2021-1; sampling november to february. Primary study Gowda2021: Gowda, J. H., Blackhall, M., Shipley, L., Kitzberger, T., & Tiribelli, F. (2022). Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 503, 119810.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gowda2021","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"FLAMITS measurements are retained as non-voting evidence; the database publishes no cross-variable directional threshold."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":[],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}