{"id":"cassinia-arcuata","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Cassinia arcuata","commonNames":["Cassinia arcuata"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Cassinia arcuata","family":"Asteraceae","ids":{"gbifKey":5390398},"regions":["Australia"],"plantForm":"shrub","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 6","score":{"value":6,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16500; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 271","score":{"value":271,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16501; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16502; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smoke (s): 1","score":{"value":1,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smoke (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16503; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 13","score":{"value":13,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16516; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 443","score":{"value":443,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16517; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 11","score":{"value":11,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16518; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to smouldering (s): 150","score":{"value":150,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to smouldering (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16519; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 48","score":{"value":48,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16532; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 487","score":{"value":487,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16533; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 20","score":{"value":20,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16534; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 150","score":{"value":150,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16535; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 82","score":{"value":82,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16548; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 562","score":{"value":562,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16549; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 65","score":{"value":65,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16550; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 497","score":{"value":497,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16551; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device radiant panel; site Miller2022-1; sampling may 2019. Primary study Miller2022: Miller, T. S., Filkov, A. I., & Penman, T. D. (2022). Improved laboratory method to test flammability metrics of live plants under dynamic conditions and future implications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32, 277-295.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Miller2022","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"FLAMITS measurements are retained as non-voting evidence; the database publishes no cross-variable directional threshold."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":[],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}