{"id":"brachychiton-populneus","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Brachychiton populneus","commonNames":["Kurrajong"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Brachychiton populneus","family":"Malvaceae","ids":{"gbifKey":7323035,"wikidataQid":"Q947016","inatTaxonId":349248},"regions":["Australia","Valencia, Spain","Victoria, Australia"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae12627","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2020-09-04T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Brachychiton populneus","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["Kleunen et al. (2018), https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.2542"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"plantForm":"shrub","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/brachychiton-populneus.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/350139359","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198631668","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Lucas Christofides, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"apsvic","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"fire-retardant (resists the first flame wave, may burn once dried)","url":"https://apsvic.org.au/fire-resistant-and-retardant-plants/","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"gva-valencia","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"recommended low-flammability species (trees, garden column)","claimOriginal":"especies recomendadas","edition":"2019","url":"https://www.leliana.es/sites/www.leliana.es/files/files/Jardineria%20de%20baja%20inflamabilidad.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 13.78","score":{"value":13.78,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3821; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Gill1996-1; sampling march to april. Primary study Gill1996: Gill, M., & Moore, P. (1996). Ignitibility of leaves of Australian plants. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gill1996","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 3.31","score":{"value":3.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 3869; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Gill1996-1; sampling march to april. Primary study Gill1996: Gill, M., & Moore, P. (1996). Ignitibility of leaves of Australian plants. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Gill1996","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.64","score":{"value":1.64,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4060; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 2.71","score":{"value":2.71,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4092; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 16.6","score":{"value":16.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4124; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 19.31","score":{"value":19.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4156; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 6.29","score":{"value":6.29,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4188; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 23.74","score":{"value":23.74,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4220; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 19.95","score":{"value":19.95,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4252; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 3.79","score":{"value":3.79,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4284; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.2","score":{"value":1.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4316; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 2.69","score":{"value":2.69,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4346; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"smouldering duration (s): 18.5","score":{"value":18.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — smouldering duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4376; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 21.31","score":{"value":21.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4406; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2015-1; sampling ND. Primary study Grootemaat2015: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., & Cornwell, W. K. (2015). Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology, 29, 1486-1497.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2015","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 625.1","score":{"value":625.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4433; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2017a-1; sampling december. Primary study Grootemaat2017a: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I .J., Van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126, 1428-1438.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2017a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 90.42","score":{"value":90.42,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4444; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2017a-1; sampling december. Primary study Grootemaat2017a: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I .J., Van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126, 1428-1438.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2017a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.32","score":{"value":0.32,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4453; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel dead; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2017a-1; sampling december. Primary study Grootemaat2017a: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I .J., Van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126, 1428-1438.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2017a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum flame temperature (°C): 535.63","score":{"value":535.63,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum flame temperature (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4465; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2017a-1; sampling december. Primary study Grootemaat2017a: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I .J., Van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126, 1428-1438.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2017a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.19","score":{"value":0.19,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4489; Sustainability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2017a-1; sampling december. Primary study Grootemaat2017a: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I .J., Van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126, 1428-1438.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2017a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 91.52","score":{"value":91.52,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 4515; Consumability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device muffle furnace; site Grootemaat2017a-1; sampling december. Primary study Grootemaat2017a: Grootemaat, S., Wright, I .J., Van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. (2017). Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126, 1428-1438.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Grootemaat2017a","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 0.44","score":{"value":0.44,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12337; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Scarff2006-1; sampling ND. Primary study Scarff2006: Scarff, F. R., & Westoby, M. (2006). Leaf litter flammability in some semi-arid Australian woodlands. Functional Ecology, 20, 745-752.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Scarff2006","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 19.66","score":{"value":19.66,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 12348; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site Scarff2006-1; sampling ND. Primary study Scarff2006: Scarff, F. R., & Westoby, M. (2006). Leaf litter flammability in some semi-arid Australian woodlands. Functional Ecology, 20, 745-752.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Scarff2006","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"canberra-plant-selector","verdict":"recommend","verdictRaw":"Fire Retardant — Yes — Brachychriton populneus","claims":"The live Canberra Plant Selector marks “Brachychriton populneus” as “Fire Retardant: Yes.”","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"filtered result page 10","scheme":"canberra-selector"},"edition":"live tool capture 2026-08-25","url":"https://plantselector.com.au/browse-plants/?fire_retardant%5B0%5D=1","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"fire-resistant","ratingReason":"consensus","recommendation":"on-list","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":[],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"introduced-established","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae12627","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2020-09-04T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Brachychiton populneus","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"C3","label":"established (category C3)"},"associatedReferences":["Kleunen et al. (2018), https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.2542"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"fire-resistant","recommendation":"on-list","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}