{"id":"abies-magnifica","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Abies magnifica","commonNames":["Red fir"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Abies magnifica","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"ABMA","gbifKey":2685422,"itisTsn":181834,"wikidataQid":"Q1290204","inatTaxonId":68090},"usdaZoneMin":"4b","zoneSource":"usda-plants","states":["CA","NV","NY","OR"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEV — Nevada"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABMA","sourceTaxon":"Abies magnifica","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15340, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","uses":["ornamental"],"matureHeightFt":150,"waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/abies-magnifica.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/55694648","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35326441","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Георгий Виноградов (Georgy Vinogradov), some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fenz-low-flammability","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"High flammability","claims":"High flammability classification.","plantPart":"shoot","edition":"2026","url":"https://www.checkitsalright.nz/reduce-your-risk/low-flammability-plants","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nv-forestry-tahoe-landscaping-guide","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"high — Fir, red — Abies magnifica","claims":"Table 1's Fire Hazard column prints “high” for this taxon. The guide calls the rating a rough estimate of potential flammability, not a result of scientific trials. Its footnote says plants that turn brown often become high fire hazards and tells readers to mow grasses and forbs when they begin to turn brown.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Fire Hazard column: high","scheme":"tahoe-guide-2006"},"edition":"Bulletin 06-01 (2006)","url":"https://forestry.nv.gov/uploads/missions/20210304_AMT_2006_Home_Landscaping_Guide_Lake_Tahoe.pdf","documentDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 3.1","score":{"value":3.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2629; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 1257.7","score":{"value":1257.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2637; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.13","score":{"value":0.13,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2645; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 74.4","score":{"value":74.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2653; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 96.7","score":{"value":96.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2661; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1036.59","score":{"value":1036.59,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13403; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1199.01","score":{"value":1199.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13404; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"litter","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5053.98","score":{"value":5053.98,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13405; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4970.38","score":{"value":4970.38,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13406; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"litter","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5075.48","score":{"value":5075.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13479; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4896.34","score":{"value":4896.34,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13480; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5237.89","score":{"value":5237.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13481; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4982.33","score":{"value":4982.33,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13482; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 9.73","score":{"value":9.73,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16856; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 9.06","score":{"value":9.06,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16857; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 12.38","score":{"value":12.38,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16858; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 1646.37","score":{"value":1646.37,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16859; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 196.37","score":{"value":196.37,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16860; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 11.03","score":{"value":11.03,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16861; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 640","score":{"value":640,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16862; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 135","score":{"value":135,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16863; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 100","score":{"value":100,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16864; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 76.52","score":{"value":76.52,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16865; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 5.72","score":{"value":5.72,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16866; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 0.54","score":{"value":0.54,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16867; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.081","score":{"value":0.081,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16868; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.016","score":{"value":0.016,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16869; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0","score":{"value":0,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16870; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CA","NV","NY","OR"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEV — Nevada"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA","NV","NY","OR"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"4b","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABMA","sourceTaxon":"Abies magnifica","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15340, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABMA","sourceTaxon":"Abies magnifica","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15340, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"4b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-23,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABMA","sourceTaxon":"Abies magnifica","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15340, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"nv-forestry-tahoe-landscaping-guide","sourceName":"Home Landscaping Guide for Lake Tahoe and Vicinity (Ed. Bulletin 06-01)","sourceUrl":"https://forestry.nv.gov/uploads/missions/20210304_AMT_2006_Home_Landscaping_Guide_Lake_Tahoe.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["CA","NV"],"regions":["Lake Tahoe Basin"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Nevada Division of Forestry and University of Nevada Cooperative Extension publish Bulletin 06-01 for the Lake Tahoe Basin and vicinity. FireApproved publishes 83 exact rated owners as basin context across Nevada and California. Rough estimates are not statewide or site ratings.","sourceVersion":"Nevada-Extension-Bulletin-06-01-2006","asOf":"2006-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["CA","NV","OR"],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"4b"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}