{"id":"abies-grandis","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Abies grandis","commonNames":["Grand fir"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Abies grandis","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"ABGR","gbifKey":2685361,"itisTsn":183284,"wikidataQid":"Q147434","inatTaxonId":63690},"usdaZoneMin":"3b","zoneSource":"usda-plants","states":["CA","ID","MT","OR","WA"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 IDA — Idaho"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MNT — Montana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WAS — Washington"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"3b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-33,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABGR","sourceTaxon":"Abies grandis","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15321, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","uses":["ornamental"],"matureHeightFt":150,"waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/abies-grandis.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/47782183","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30580179","license":"cc0","attribution":"no rights reserved","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fenz-low-flammability","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Moderate flammability","claims":"Moderate flammability classification.","plantPart":"shoot","edition":"2026","url":"https://www.checkitsalright.nz/reduce-your-risk/low-flammability-plants","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5357.31","score":{"value":5357.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5658; Combustibility measurement; plant part bark; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.","plantPart":"bark","original":"Kelsey1979","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4941.72","score":{"value":4941.72,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5659; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Kelsey1979","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5276.1","score":{"value":5276.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 5660; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Kelsey1979-1; sampling ND. Primary study Kelsey1979: Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F., & Lowery, D. P. (1979). Heat content of bark, twigs, and foliage of nine species of western conifers. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper INT-261. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Kelsey1979","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5075.47","score":{"value":5075.47,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14292; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-1; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5214","score":{"value":5214,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14295; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-2; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5111.3","score":{"value":5111.3,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14298; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-3; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5175.79","score":{"value":5175.79,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14301; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-4; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5273.71","score":{"value":5273.71,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14304; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-5; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4829.46","score":{"value":4829.46,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14307; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-1; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4905.89","score":{"value":4905.89,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14310; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-2; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4810.35","score":{"value":4810.35,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14313; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-3; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4910.67","score":{"value":4910.67,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14316; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-4; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4984.71","score":{"value":4984.71,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14319; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Williamson2002-5; sampling summer. Primary study Williamson2002: Williamson, N .M., & Agee, J. K. (2002). Heat content variation of interior Pacific Northwest conifer foliage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 91-94.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Williamson2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"mid-scale","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["CA","ID","MT","OR","WA"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 IDA — Idaho"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["MT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 MNT — Montana"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WAS — Washington"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA","ID","MT","OR","WA"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"3b","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"3b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-33,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABGR","sourceTaxon":"Abies grandis","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15321, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"3b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-33,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABGR","sourceTaxon":"Abies grandis","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15321, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"3b","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-33,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABGR","sourceTaxon":"Abies grandis","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15321, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["CA","ID","MT","OR","WA"],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"3b"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}