{"id":"abies-concolor","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Abies concolor","commonNames":["White fir"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Abies concolor","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"ABCO","gbifKey":2685580,"itisTsn":181826,"wikidataQid":"Q145939","inatTaxonId":68087},"usdaZoneMin":"4a","zoneSource":"fps-2016","states":["AZ","CO","DC","DE","ID","MA","MD","ME","NJ","NM","NV","OH","OR","PA","UT","WV","WY"],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARI — Arizona"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CO"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 COL — Colorado"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 IDA — Idaho"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWM — New Mexico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEV — Nevada"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["UT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 UTA — Utah"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WYO — Wyoming"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z"}],"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"abies-concolor","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABCO","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15316, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z"}],"plantForm":"tree","matureHeightFt":80,"sun":"full","waterNeed":"moderate","photo":{"file":"/images/plants/abies-concolor.jpg","sourceUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/589898265","observationUrl":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/325777178","license":"cc-by","attribution":"(c) Mike Heine, some rights reserved (CC BY)","fetchedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"evidence":[{"source":"fps-eastern-us","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"AT RISK Firewise (3)","claims":"Most tolerant of urban conditions than all firs, resin blisters found on bark can be very flammable.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"LZ4","scheme":"fps-landscape-zone"},"edition":"2016-wayback","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Variable urban tolerance; heat intolerant; intolerant of moisture excess.","sourcePlacement":{"value":"keep 30 ft from the home (Zone 3)","scheme":"b921-siting"},"edition":"2006","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"H flammability","claims":"Tolerates urban conditions in cooler regions.","edition":"2009","url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","accessedOn":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"white-etal-2002-cone-update","verdict":"mixed","verdictRaw":"Measured; not in an author-named high or low relative-flammability group","score":{"value":140,"scale":"green-PHRR-kW-m2"},"claims":"Table 4 reports 113% foliage moisture, green-sample PHRR 140 kW/m2, and dry-sample EHOC 17.8 MJ/kg.","plantPart":"shoot","condition":"green","edition":"2002","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/8596.pdf","documentDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"nv-forestry-tahoe-landscaping-guide","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"high — Fir, white — Abies concolor","claims":"Table 1's Fire Hazard column prints “high” for this taxon. The guide calls the rating a rough estimate of potential flammability, not a result of scientific trials. Its footnote says plants that turn brown often become high fire hazards and tells readers to mow grasses and forbs when they begin to turn brown.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"Fire Hazard column: high","scheme":"tahoe-guide-2006"},"edition":"Bulletin 06-01 (2006)","url":"https://forestry.nv.gov/uploads/missions/20210304_AMT_2006_Home_Landscaping_Guide_Lake_Tahoe.pdf","documentDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 6.6","score":{"value":6.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 598; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 78.81","score":{"value":78.81,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 613; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy release rate (kW): 3.92","score":{"value":3.92,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy release rate (kW)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 628; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 2593.21","score":{"value":2593.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 643; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Belcher2016-1; sampling ND. Primary study Belcher2016: Belcher, C. M. (2016). The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 20150163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"Belcher2016","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 1.9","score":{"value":1.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2628; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 830.7","score":{"value":830.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2636; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.21","score":{"value":0.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2644; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 77.33","score":{"value":77.33,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2652; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 94","score":{"value":94,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2660; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2012-1; sampling summer. Primary study deMagalhaes2012: De Magalhães, R. M. Q., & Schwilk, D. W. (2012). Leaf traits and litter flammability: evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1153-1163.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2012","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 1344.7","score":{"value":1344.7,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13399; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 972.1","score":{"value":972.1,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13400; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"litter","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4934.56","score":{"value":4934.56,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13401; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5032.48","score":{"value":5032.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13402; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","plantPart":"litter","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4891.56","score":{"value":4891.56,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13475; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4827.08","score":{"value":4827.08,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13476; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 5073.09","score":{"value":5073.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13477; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4917.84","score":{"value":4917.84,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 13478; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site vanWagtendonk1998-1; sampling ND. Primary study vanWagtendonk1998: Van Wagdendonk, J., Sydoriak, W. M., & Benedict, J. M. (1998). Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8, 147-158.","original":"vanWagtendonk1998","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"maximum energy flux (kW/m²): 140","score":{"value":140,"scale":"FLAMITS — maximum energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14135; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND. Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"White2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4251.46","score":{"value":4251.46,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14188; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND. Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"White2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4251.46","score":{"value":4251.46,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 14279; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site White2002-2; sampling ND. Primary study White2002: White, R. H., Weise, D. R., Mackes, K., & Dibble, A. C. (2002). Cone calorimeter testing of vegetation--an update. Ninth International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Products. Columbus, Ohio, USA.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"White2002","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 13.9","score":{"value":13.9,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16841; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 10.32","score":{"value":10.32,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16842; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 19.19","score":{"value":19.19,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16843; Ignitability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 333","score":{"value":333,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16844; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 36","score":{"value":36,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16845; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 237.59","score":{"value":237.59,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16846; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 42.48","score":{"value":42.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16847; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 270","score":{"value":270,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16848; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flame height (cm): 147.5","score":{"value":147.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — flame height (cm)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16849; Combustibility measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 11.04","score":{"value":11.04,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16850; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 7.25","score":{"value":7.25,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16851; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 1.01","score":{"value":1.01,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16852; Consumability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.045","score":{"value":0.045,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16853; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0.018","score":{"value":0.018,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16854; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"rate of burning spread (cm/s): 0","score":{"value":0,"scale":"FLAMITS — rate of burning spread (cm/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 16855; Sustainability measurement; plant part litter; fuel all; predrying no; device burning bench; site deMagalhaes2017-1; sampling ND. Primary study deMagalhaes2017: de Magalhães, R. (2017). The effect of leaf traits on litter flammability in mixed-conifer forest. PhD. Dissertation. Texas Tech University.","plantPart":"litter","original":"deMagalhaes2017","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 154.8","score":{"value":154.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17963; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 122.4","score":{"value":122.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17964; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 222","score":{"value":222,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17965; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 241.8","score":{"value":241.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17966; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 363","score":{"value":363,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17967; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 372.6","score":{"value":372.6,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17968; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 440.4","score":{"value":440.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17969; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 451.2","score":{"value":451.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17970; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 511.2","score":{"value":511.2,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17971; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 517.8","score":{"value":517.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17972; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 537","score":{"value":537,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17973; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 562.8","score":{"value":562.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17974; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 575.4","score":{"value":575.4,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17975; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burning duration (s): 616.8","score":{"value":616.8,"scale":"FLAMITS — burning duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 17976; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel live; predrying no; device burning bench; site Clements1973-1; sampling ND. Primary study Clements1973: Clements, H. B., & Alkidas, A. (1973). Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7, 13–18.","original":"Clements1973","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.1677","score":{"value":0.1677,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18252; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Pickett2010-2; sampling ND. Primary study Pickett2010: Pickett, B. M., Isackson, C., Wunder, R., Fletcher, T. H., Butler, B. W., & Weise, D. R. (2010). Experimental measurements during combustion of moist individual foliage samples. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19, 153-162 .","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Pickett2010","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.0402","score":{"value":0.0402,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 18253; Combustibility measurement; plant part twigs; fuel live; predrying no; device flat flame burner; site Pickett2010-2; sampling ND. Primary study Pickett2010: Pickett, B. M., Isackson, C., Wunder, R., Fletcher, T. H., Butler, B. W., & Weise, D. R. (2010). Experimental measurements during combustion of moist individual foliage samples. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19, 153-162 .","plantPart":"shoot","original":"Pickett2010","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"highly-flammable","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"avoid","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-23T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"Photo auto-selected (top-voted iNat); human review pending."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["AZ","CO","DC","DE","ID","MA","MD","ME","NJ","NM","NV","OH","OR","PA","UT","WV","WY"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"introduced","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 75 — Northeastern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 VER — Vermont"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ARI — Arizona"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CA"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 CAL — California"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["CO"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 COL — Colorado"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["ID"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 IDA — Idaho"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NM"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 77 — South-Central U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NWM — New Mexico"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NV"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 NEV — Nevada"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OR"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 ORE — Oregon"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["UT"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 76 — Southwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 UTA — Utah"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"native","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["WY"],"regions":["TDWG level 1 7 — NORTHERN AMERICA","TDWG level 2 73 — Northwestern U.S.A.","TDWG level 3 WYO — Wyoming"]},"occurrenceStatus":"present","presenceStatus":"extant","source":"wcvp-v16","sourceVersion":"16","asOf":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["AZ","CO","DC","DE","ID","MA","MD","ME","NJ","NM","NV","OH","OR","PA","UT","WV","WY"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":"4a","usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"abies-concolor","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABCO","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15316, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"selected","assertion":{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABCO","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15316, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},"assertions":[{"minimum":"4","interpretation":"ambiguous-single-value","precision":"whole-zone","zoneMapping":"source-stated","applicability":"uncertain","applicabilityNotes":"The recovered selector prints one Cold Hardiness Zone value but does not define it as a minimum threshold or a one-zone range.","source":"fps-eastern-us","sourceRecordId":"abies-concolor","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"exact","sourcePlacement":"Cold Hardiness Zone field in the recovered selector record","sourceVersion":"2016-wayback","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"},{"minimum":"3a","interpretation":"minimum-threshold","precision":"half-zone","zoneMapping":"derived-containing-band","sourceMeasurement":{"kind":"minimum-temperature","value":-38,"unit":"degrees-fahrenheit"},"applicability":"applicable","source":"usda-plants-characteristics","sourceRecordId":"ABCO","sourceTaxon":"Abies concolor","taxonMatch":"source-identifier","sourcePlacement":"PlantCharacteristics record 15316, Temperature, Minimum (°F)","sourceVersion":"PLANTS Help Document 2022; characteristics cache retrieved 2026-08-23","asOf":"2026-08-26T00:00:00.000Z","provenance":"cited"}]},"invasiveIn":[],"statusAssertions":[],"fireEvidenceClass":"highly-flammable","recommendation":"avoid","fireSourceScopes":[{"source":"nv-forestry-tahoe-landscaping-guide","sourceName":"Home Landscaping Guide for Lake Tahoe and Vicinity (Ed. Bulletin 06-01)","sourceUrl":"https://forestry.nv.gov/uploads/missions/20210304_AMT_2006_Home_Landscaping_Guide_Lake_Tahoe.pdf","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","stateCodes":["CA","NV"],"regions":["Lake Tahoe Basin"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Nevada Division of Forestry and University of Nevada Cooperative Extension publish Bulletin 06-01 for the Lake Tahoe Basin and vicinity. FireApproved publishes 83 exact rated owners as basin context across Nevada and California. Rough estimates are not statewide or site ratings.","sourceVersion":"Nevada-Extension-Bulletin-06-01-2006","asOf":"2006-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"osu-b921","sourceName":"Firewise Landscaping (OSU Extension Bulletin 921)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20070714035936/http://www.firewise.org/usa/files/ohio_plantlist.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["OH"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 921 is an Ohio publication that describes Ohio fire seasons and landscape conditions and labels nativity to Ohio. FireApproved publishes 352 exact source-owning plant records from its eight rated tables. This historical publication scope does not assert current extension endorsement or that a listed plant suits every Ohio site.","sourceVersion":"OSU-Extension-Bulletin-921-2006","asOf":"2006-03-01T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"va-firescapes","sourceName":"Virginia Firescapes — Firewise Landscaping for Woodland Homes (430-300)","sourceUrl":"http://web.archive.org/web/20090709143736/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-300/430-300.pdf","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["VA"]},"completeness":"partial","reviewStatus":"reviewed","scope":"Virginia Cooperative Extension's publication opens with Virginia wildfire conditions, identifies its Virginia Firewise Landscaping Task Force, and labels plants native to Virginia. FireApproved publishes 306 exact source owners. Publication scope does not establish parcel suitability or current endorsement of this archived 2009 list.","sourceVersion":"Virginia-VCE-430-300-2009","asOf":"2009-04-15T00:00:00.000Z"}],"firePerformanceConditions":[{"condition":"green","evidence":[{"source":"white-etal-2002-cone-update","verdict":"mixed","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/8596.pdf","claims":"Table 4 reports 113% foliage moisture, green-sample PHRR 140 kW/m2, and dry-sample EHOC 17.8 MJ/kg.","evidenceIndex":3}]}],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":["AZ","CA","CO","ID","NM","NV","OR","UT","WY"],"invasiveIn":[],"usdaZoneMin":"3a"},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}