{"id":"abies-alba","license":"CC-BY-4.0","data":{"scientificName":"Abies alba","commonNames":["Abies alba"],"taxonRank":"species","acceptedName":"Abies alba","family":"Pinaceae","ids":{"usdaSymbol":"ABAL3","gbifKey":2685484},"states":["NC"],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae6052","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Abies alba","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021c), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ABAL3"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"}}],"plantForm":"tree","evidence":[{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 26.31","score":{"value":26.31,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2979; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 4527.48","score":{"value":4527.48,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2989; Combustibility measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"temperature at flaming (°C): 242.5","score":{"value":242.5,"scale":"FLAMITS — temperature at flaming (°C)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 2999; Ignitability measurement; plant part leaves; fuel live; predrying no; device calorimeter; site Dimitrakopoulos2011-1; sampling summer. Primary study Dimitrakopoulos2011: Dimitrakopoulos, A. P., Mitsopoulos, I. D., & Kaliva, A. (2011). Short communication. Comparing flammability traits among fire-stricken (low elevation) and non fire- stricken (high elevation) conifer forest species of Europe: a test of the Mutch hypothesis. Forest Systems, 22, 134-137.","plantPart":"leaf","original":"Dimitrakopoulos2011","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 55","score":{"value":55,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19258; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 16","score":{"value":16,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19260; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"time to flaming (s): 11","score":{"value":11,"scale":"FLAMITS — time to flaming (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19262; Ignitability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 1252","score":{"value":1252,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19264; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 1199","score":{"value":1199,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19266; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"flaming duration (s): 452","score":{"value":452,"scale":"FLAMITS — flaming duration (s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19268; Sustainability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 18875.99","score":{"value":18875.99,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19270; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 18844.94","score":{"value":18844.94,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19272; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"calorific value (kcal/kg): 18954.81","score":{"value":18954.81,"scale":"FLAMITS — calorific value (kcal/kg)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19274; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 164.73","score":{"value":164.73,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19276; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 170.09","score":{"value":170.09,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19278; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"energy flux (kW/m²): 242.26","score":{"value":242.26,"scale":"FLAMITS — energy flux (kW/m²)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19280; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.21","score":{"value":0.21,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19282; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.18","score":{"value":0.18,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19284; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"mass loss rate (g/s): 0.26","score":{"value":0.26,"scale":"FLAMITS — mass loss rate (g/s)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19286; Combustibility measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 83.49","score":{"value":83.49,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19288; Consumability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 81.87","score":{"value":81.87,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19290; Consumability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"flamits","verdict":"not-rated","verdictRaw":"burnt biomass (%): 84.44","score":{"value":84.44,"scale":"FLAMITS — burnt biomass (%)"},"claims":"FLAMITS record 19292; Consumability measurement; plant part wood; fuel dead; predrying yes; device calorimeter; site Protic2020-1; sampling ND. Primary study Protic2020: Proti?, M., Miši?, N., Raos, M., & Sekuli?, S. (2020). Solid wood flammability testing. Safety Engineering, 10, 9–12.","original":"Protic2020","edition":"Dryad version 9","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h18931zr3","documentDate":"2023-12-22T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"},{"source":"greece-property-fire-regulation-2023","verdict":"avoid","verdictRaw":"ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΕΥΦΛΕΚΤΑ ΕΝΔΗΜΙΚΑ ΦΥΤΑ — Abies alba","claims":"The regulation prints this taxon in its table of particularly flammable endemic trees and shrubs.","plantPart":"whole-plant","sourcePlacement":{"value":"section 5.4.2, Table 2δi","scheme":"greece-2023-particularly-flammable"},"edition":"FEK B 3475/2023","url":"https://www.elinyae.gr/ethniki-nomothesia/ya-oik-ypendaoka5590420192023-fek-3475b-2452023","documentDate":"2023-05-24T00:00:00.000Z","accessedOn":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"}],"flammabilityClass":"mixed-evidence","ratingReason":"limited-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","author":"grayson-graham","reviewStatus":"draft","lastVerified":"2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewNotes":"FLAMITS measurements are retained as non-voting evidence; the database publishes no cross-variable directional threshold."},"localAssessmentInputs":{"stateDistribution":["NC"],"nativeStates":[],"rangeAssertions":[{"relation":"documented-occurrence","geography":{"grain":"state","stateCodes":["NC"]},"provenance":"legacy-field"}],"usdaZoneMin":null,"usdaZoneMax":null,"hardinessAssertions":[],"hardinessSelection":{"status":"none","assertions":[]},"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis"}],"statusAssertions":[{"status":"invasive","channel":"ecological","geography":{"grain":"aggregate-region","regions":["L48"]},"source":"us-riis-v2","sourceRecordId":"USRIIS-L48-Plantae6052","sourceVersion":"2.0 (November 2022)","asOf":"2022-10-23T00:00:00.000Z","sourceModified":"2017-11-21T00:00:00.000Z","sourceTaxon":{"name":"Abies alba","rank":"species","rawRank":"Species"},"sourceDesignation":{"code":"D2","label":"invasive (category D2)"},"associatedReferences":["USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021c), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ABAL3"],"taxonProjection":{"basis":"exact-taxon","notes":"exact source identifier, rank, family, and scientific/accepted name"},"provenance":"cited"}],"fireEvidenceClass":"mixed-evidence","recommendation":"candidate","fireSourceScopes":[],"firePerformanceConditions":[],"maintenanceAssertions":[],"maintenanceConditions":null,"regulatoryReviews":{},"seedReviews":{}},"legacyCompatibilityProjection":{"nativeStates":[],"invasiveIn":[{"state":"L48","status":"invasive-reported","source":"us-riis-v2"}]},"localAssessmentContract":"Compare each dimension separately. State noxious-weed seed designations are material-scoped and never become non-seed plant restrictions, ecological-invasive findings, nursery restrictions, alternatives, product evidence, or fire votes. Introduced/established context is not an invasive warning. Minimum-only hardiness has no inferred maximum; canonical source-temperature conversion is validated and contradictory applicable rows project no primary zone. L48 context applies only to conterminous states and is never exact-state status. Fire-performance conditions are not maintenance advice. FEIS fire-ecology context does not vote in the plant classification. Absence of a status row is not regulatory clearance."}